Psychology / onald Comer, Elizabeth Gould, Adrian Furnham.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

About the Authors List of Contributors To the Instructor To the Student CHAPTER 1 Psychology: Yesterday and Today What Is Psychology? Psychology as the Science of Mind or Behaviour, or Both? Psychology s Roots in Philosophy The Scientific Revolution The Founding of Psychology Wundt and Introspection (1) Psychoanalysis: Psychology of the Unconscious (2) Functionalism: The Practical Application of Psychology (3) Psychometrics: Measuring the Mind (4) Gestalt Psychology: More than Putting Together the Building Blocks (5) Behaviourism: Psychology of Adaptation (6) Humanistic Psychology: A New Direction (7) Psychology in the 21st Century: Cognitive Psychology, Neuroscience and Evolution Psychobiology/Neuroscience: Exploring the Origins of the Mind The Diversity of Psychology and Psychological Literacy Psychology as a Profession Current Trends in Psychology Summary Key Terms CHAPTER 2 Psychology as a Science What Is a Science? Scientific Principles The Scientific Method Is Psychology a Science? Goals of Psychology Values and the Application of Psychology Misrepresentation of Psychology How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? State a Hypothesis Choose Participant Pick a Research Method How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? Correlations: Measures of Relationships Experimental Analyses: Establishing Cause and Effect Th e Qualitative World Using Statistics to Evaluate and Plan Research What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Summary Key Terms CHAPTER 3 Biological and Cognitive Development What is developmental psychology? Understanding How We Develop What Drives Change?

versus Nurture Qualitative versus Quantitative Shifts in Development Do Early Experiences Matter? Critical Periods and Sensitive Periods How Is Developmental Psychology Investigated? Before We Are Born In the Beginning: Genetics Infancy Physical Development Cognitive Development Early and Middle Childhood Physical Development Adolescence Physical Development Cognitive Development Alternative Accounts of Cognitive Development Adulthood Physical and Cognitive Development Summary TYING IT TOGETHER Key Terms CHAPTER 4 Social and Emotional Development Before We Are Born Infancy Attachment theory Parenting Styles Friendship and Peer Relations Childhood Moral Development Theories of Moral Development Eisenberg s Theory of Prosocial Moral Judgement Gilligan s Theory of Moral Development Current Directions in Moral Development Adolescence Adulthood and Old Age Social and Emotional Development in Adulthood Social and Emotional Features of Early and Middle Adulthood Social and Emotional Features of Old Age The Third Age/Fourth Age Distinction Atypical Development Autistic Spectrum Disorders Two Useful Concepts for Atypical Development: Equifinality and Multifinality Summary TYING IT TOGETHER Key Terms CHAPTER 5 Behavioural Neuroscience How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System and the Brain

How Does the Nervous System Work? Neurons and Glial Cells or Those Who Act and Those Who Serve The Action Potential Seven Lock-and-Key Principles of Receptors and Neurotransmitters Communication across the Synapse Neural Networks The Brain s Structural and Functional Organization The Brainstem The Pons The Cerebellum The Midbrain The Thalamus The Hypothalamus The Pituitary Gland and the Endocrine System The Amygdala The Hippocampus The Striatum and Basal Ganglia The Nucleus Accumbens The Neocortex The Corpus Callosum Neurons and the Communication Systems of the Brain, Nervous System and Body The Integrated Brain Spinal Cord Injuries The Peripheral Nervous System Building the Brain Brain Development Before We Are Born Brain Development across the Lifespan Brain Side and Brain Size Differences in Brain Lateralization Gender Differences Neurological Diseases Transplanting Stem Cells to Treat Neurological Disorders Summary TYING IT TOGETHER Key Terms CHAPTER 6 Genes, Environment and Evolution The History of Evolutionary Approaches to Psychology Charles Darwin and On the Origin of Species The Modern

Synthesis Tinbergen, the Birth of Ethology and the Four Whys of Behaviour Inclusive Fitness Adaptations, and the Demise of Group Selection The 1970s: Robert Trivers, E. O. Wilson and the Dawn of Sociobiology Evolutionary Psychology The Principles Behind Evolutionary Psychology Human Evolution The Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA) Genetics Main Areas of Research in Evolutionary Psychology Sexual Selection Kin Selection Cooperation and Altruism The Evolution of Cognition The Evolution of Language Cultural Evolution Criticisms and Misunderstandings of Evolutionary Approaches to Human Behaviour Criticism 1: Evolutionary psychology too often believes a behaviour is an adaptation (panadaptationism) Criticism 2: Evolutionary psychology is guilty of biological determinism Criticism 3: Evolutionary psychology tries to explain things too simply (reductionism) Criticism 4: Evolutionary psychology justifies immoral behaviours The Future of Evolutionary Psychology Further Understanding of Genetics Hormones Individual Differences Neuroscience Applied Evolutionary Psychology: Darwinian Medicine and Evolutionary Psychopathology Summary TYING IT TOGETHER Key Terms CHAPTER 7 Perception and the Senses Introducing Perception: Common Features of the Senses Translating Stimuli: Sensory Transduction The Limits of the Senses: Thresholds Surrounded by Stimuli: Sensory Adaptation Processing Sensory Information The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Smell and Taste Smell and Taste: How They Work Smell and Taste as We Grow Sensitivity to Smell and Taste Smell and Taste Disorders The Tactile Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain,

Vibration Tactile Senses Development of the Tactile Senses Pain Thresholds Difficulties with Tactile Senses The Auditory Sense: Hearing From Sound Waves to Sounds Drowning Out the Noise Sounds in Space Hearing and the Brain Hearing and Learning Identifying Pitch Difficulties with Hearing The Visual Sense: Sight Seeing the Light Seeing in Colour How Sight Works Visual Perception from the Top Down Developing Sight Difficulties with Sight Summary TYING IT TOGETHER Key Terms CHAPTER 8 Consciousness PART 1: THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONSCIOUSNESS Defining Consciousness Is Consciousness Mysterious ? What s in the World? Part 1: Material Stuff or Mental Stuff Identity Theory Eliminativism Objections to Identity Theory and Eliminativism The Rise of Functionalism Criticisms of Functionalism Assessing the Materialist Approach What s in the World? Part 2: Material Stuff and Mental Stuff Dualism Summary of Part 1 PART 2: STUDYING CONSCIOUS STATES When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness When We Are Awake Alert Consciousness Preconscious and Unconscious States Cognitive Views of the Unconscious Hypnosis Hypnotic Procedures and Effects Why Does Hypnosis Work? Hypnosis in the Brain When We Are Asleep Why Do We Sleep? Rhythms of Sleep When We Sleep Sleep at Different Ages Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Psychoactive Drugs Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens Psychoactive Drugs Summary TYING IT TOGETHER Key Terms CHAPTER 9 Learning What Is Learning?

Non-Associative Learning Non-Associative Learning Associative Learning Classical Conditioning How Does Classical Conditioning Work? Examples of Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning and Fears Phobias Classical Conditioning and Taste Aversions Operant Conditioning How Does Operant Conditioning Work? Using Operant Conditioning to Teach New Behaviours Learnt Helplessness Learning and Thinking Observational Learning Observation and Modelling Observational Learning and Violence Factors that Facilitate Learning Timing Context Awareness and Attention Sleep When We Learn Prenatal and Postnatal Learning Learning and Gender Learning Difficulties Dyslexia Dyscalculia Attention Deficit Disorders Issues in Treatment Summary TYING IT TOGETHER Key Terms CHAPTER 10 Memory What Is Memory? How Do We Encode Information into Memory? Using Automatic and Effortful Processing to Encode Encoding Information into Working Memory: Transferring from Sensory Memory into Working Memory Encoding Information into Long-Term Memory: Transferring Working Memory into Long-Term Memory In What Form Is Information Encoded? How Do We Store Memories? Storage in Working Memory Storage in Long-Term Memory How Do We Retrieve Memories? Priming and Retrieval Context and Retrieval Emotion: A Special Retrieval Cue Why Do We Forget and Misremember? Theories of Forgetting Distorted or Manufactured Memories Memory and the Brain What Is the Anatomy of Memory? What Is the Biochemistry of Memory?

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