The essential guide to telecommunications / Annabel Z. Dodd.

Previous ed.: 2002.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 551) and index.

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsAbout the AuthorI. FUNDAMENTALS AND VOICE OVER IP.1. Basic Concepts. The Transition to Digital Analog Signals-Slower, More Prone to Errors Digital Signals Adding Meaning to Signals-Codes and Bits A Byte = A Character Baud Rate Versus Bits per Second-Electrical Signal Rates Versus Amount of Information Sent Codes-Adding Meaning to Bits Measuring Speed and Capacity Broadband Service-Multiple Data Streams Improving Utilization-Compression and Multiplexing Compression-Shrinking Data to Send More Information Multiplexing-Let's Share Interoperability-Protocols and Architectures Protocols-A Common Set of Rules Architectures-How Devices Fit Together in a Network Types of Networks-LANs, MANs, and WANs LANs-Local Area Networks LAN and WAN Devices-Higher Speeds, Lower Prices Home LANs-Sharing High-Speed Internet Access MANs-Metropolitan Area Networks . . . Links Within Cities WANs-Wide Area Networks . . . Links Between Cities Higher Speed Services for LAN Traffic Carrier and Internet Service Provider Networks Appendix2. VoIP Systems, Circuit Switched PBXs and Cabling. Telephone Systems-Voice over IP, PBXs, and Centrex Systems What Is a Private Branch Exchange (PBX)? IP PBXs for the Enterprise Impetus for Change Architecture of IP-Based Systems . . . How the Pieces Fit Together Voice Quality and Security Barriers to Acceptance of Voice over IP Endpoints-IP Telephones Connected to Layer 2 Switches PBX Trunks-Switch-to-Switch Connectivity Demarcation-The Location at Which Telcos Wire Trunks Circuit Switched PBXs-Proprietary Platforms Centrex-Telephone Company Supplied Service IP Centrex-Phone Companies Hosting Voice Over IP Direct Inward Dialing-Bypassing the Operator for Incoming Calls Key Systems-Multi-featured for Smaller Organizations Hybrid PBX/Key Systems Wireless Options for PBXs Advanced Applications for Telephone Systems Call Accounting-Billing Internal Departments Call Detail Recording for Carriers-Generating Data for Billing Voice Mail-Storing and Retrieving Messages Voice Mail Components Unified Messaging Integration of Voice Mail, Fax Mail, and E-mail Unified Messaging Systems on the LAN Multi-application Platforms in Carrier Networks Speech RecognitionII. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW AND PUBLIC NETWORKS.3. Industry Overview. The Bell System after the 1984 Divestiture Divestiture of the Bell System from AT&T in 1984 The Decline of AT&T Independent Telephone Companies- Mostly in Rural Areas The Emergence of Local Competition Prior to 1996 Competitive Access Providers (CAPs) to Bypass Access Fees Uneven Competition for Local Telephone Service Throughout the U.S. The Critical Nature of Facilities Factors Leading to Passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 Wireless Services for Local Exchange Service-Spectrum Auctions The Telecommunications Act of 1996 Universal Service Fund-Affordability and Availability Post Telecommunications Act of 1996 Developments FCC Rulings, Legal Challenges, and Progress Toward Deregulation FCC Enforcement of Access to Local Networks after Bells Gain In-Region Long Distance Impact of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 State of the Industry . . . Key Segments Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs) Post-1996 Mergers Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (ILECs) Agents Resellers Wholesale Carriers-Carrier-to-Carrier Sales CLECs-A Dwindling Industry Segment CLECs-Local, Data, and Long Distance Services Pending Purchase of AT&T and MCI-The Impact of Consolidation Shrinking Numbers of Competitors-Financial Turmoil What Went Wrong? Intermodal Competition-Cable TV, Wireless, and Utilities Cable TV Multiple Service Operators (MSOs)-Wired to the Max Mobile Wireless Services Utilities-The Third Pipe Regulatory Issues Unbundled Network Elements (UNEs)-Competitors Leasing Parts of RBOCs' Networks The Impact of Higher Leasing Rates Regulating Cable Modems-Cable, Information, or Telecommunications Services? Voice Over IP-Regulatory Issues Access Fees-A Shift in Balance Between Local and Long Distance Costs Appendix4. VoIP, the Public Switched Telephone Network, and Signaling. Convergence in Public Networks Circuit Switching-Network Inefficiencies and Convergence Impediments to Adoption-Training, Embedded Assets, User Adoption, and Fear of the Unknown VoIP Networks-Putting the Pieces Together Softswitches-Standards-Based Platforms for Call Control Media Gateways (Border Elements)-Switching and Interoperability Between Networks Peer-to-Peer Music, Instant Messaging, Online Games, and VoIP Outsourcing-The Role of IP Voice Over Broadband for Residential Consumers Voice Over IP Service in Homes Customer Acquisition-Agents, Retail Outlets, and Amazon.com Document Sharing and Online Webconferencing Webconferencing to Share Documents The Public Switched Telephone Network Switched Services-Local and Long Distance Calling Attributes of Real-Time Switching Services Store-and-Forward Switching-Nonsimultaneous Sending and Receiving "The Last Mile" or Access Networks End and Tandem Central Offices Wireless Local Loop-Low Customer Acceptance Broadband Over Power Lines-Telephone Signals Over the Same Fiber that Carries Electricity Carrier Hotels-Interconnecting Carriers and Providing Secure Space for Equipment Interconnections Between Carriers-Transport Signaling-The Glue that Holds the PSTN Together Overview of Signaling-Uniform Signaling Developed by AT&T Signaling System 7-Links Between Carriers SS7 Components5. VPNs and Specialized Network Services. Virtual Private Networks-Remote Access and Interoffice Connections Rationale for Virtual Private Networks Between Offices Productivity Away from the Office-VPNs for Remote Access Virtual Private Network Technology Security-Firewalls, Protection Against Viruses, and Other Attacks Frame Relay-A Shared Wide Area Network Service Access to Frame Relay-56 Kilobits to T-3 Frame Relay to Access Other Networks Frame Relay Service-Permanent Virtual Circuits and Committed Information Rate Voice on Frame Relay-Instead of Private Lines Dedicated, Private Lines Dedicated Services-Wide and Metropolitan Area Networks Network Topologies-How Sites Are Connected T-1-24 Paths and T-3-672 Paths Over One Telephone Circuit T-1: 1,544,000bps; E-1: 2,048,000bps Speeds T-3, J-3, and E-3-North America, Japan, and the Rest of the World A Fat Pipe for Data-Unchannelized T-1 T-1 Inefficiencies-Time Slots Running on Empty CSU/DSUs-Digital Modems: Testing and Clocking ISDN-Integrated Services Digital Network Basic Rate Interface ISDN-Higher Usage in Europe and Japan Than the United States Primary Rate Interface ISDN-23 Bearer and One Signaling Channel NT1s and TAs: Modem-Like Devices for ISDN Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)-An Interim Technology or a Vehicle for Video and IP? The DSL Marketplace Business Class DSL-Static IP Addresses DSLAMs-Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers Television Over DSL Service-ADSL2+ and VDSL2 DSL-No Truck Roll; Self Service Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet Sales Channels Challenges to Wider Deployment Multiplexers Equipped with Reconfigurable Optical Add and Drop Multiplexers (ROADMs) Ethernet Enterprise Service-Internet, VPN Access, and Private Lines ATM-Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM's Speed Is Due to Three Characteristics DSLAMs and ATM-Oversubscription Mapping IP and Ethernet Traffic onto ATM Elements of an ATM Network SONET-Synchronous Optical Network Optical Carrier (OC): North American; Synchronous Transport Mode (STM): International SONET Rings-For Greater Reliability Second Generation-Next Generation SONET SONET with Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Capability Third Generation SONET-Connectivity to Ethernet SONET Offerings for Enterprises Summary AppendixIII. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, CABLE TV NETWORKS, AND THE INTERNET.6. Entertainment, Cable TV, and Last-Mile Fiber Systems. Cable Multiple System Operators (MSOs) Cable TV Architecture-Upgrades, Capacity, Speed, and Reliability Cable TV Offerings Set-Top Boxes-Interfaces to Satellite TV and Cable TV Direct Broadcast Satellite TV-Reaching Customers Wirelessly Broadcast, Over-the-Air Television Towers-Terrestrial Wireless Transmissions Affiliates-Transmitting Programming to Consumers Digital Television-Less Spectrum Used, Improved Quality Digital Cable TV-Lower Resolution Than HDTV Digital TV Standards Worldwide Digital Delivery-Entertainment over the Internet U.S. Postal Mail with E-commerce for Movie Delivery Digital Radio-Subscription Versus Advertising Support HD Radio--High Definition Radio Passive Optical Networking PONs-Fiber to the Premises, Curb, Basement, or Neighborhood; FTTx Passive Optical Network Standards7. The Internet. The Evolution of the Internet UNIX, Telnet, and File Transfer Protocol World Wide Web-Based on the Client Server Model Internet Advisory Boards Peering-To Exchange Data Between Carriers ISPs: With Software Platforms for Enhanced Offerings Hosting-Outsourcing Web Pages Messaging and the Growth of Spam Multimedia Attachments-Photographs, Movies, and PowerPoint E-mail Formatted in HTML-Another Vehicle for the Spread of Viruses Spam-Clogging Inboxes with Junk Mail Interactivity Tools: Usenet, Chat, Mailing Lists, and Blogging Internet Addresses Registries-Management of Entire Top-Level Domains Registrars-Assigning Domain Names to Organizations Thirteen Root Servers Worldwide-The Basis for Internet Routing Assignments of Numeric IP Addresses to ISPs and Carriers Public and Private IP Addresses Portals, Search Engines, and E-commerce Portals-The Door to the Internet Search Engines-Vehicles for Advertising Revenue Electronic Commerce Advertising on the Web-Instant Access to Offers Popular E-commerce Sites Privacy Concerns, Commerce, and National Security Freedom of Speech, Access to Information, and Protection of Children Intranets and Extranets Intranets-Web Technology for Corporate Access Extranets-Web Access for Customers, Partners, and VendorsIV. WIRELESS SERVICE.8. Mobile Services. The Development of Cellular Networks Cellular, Wireless, Cordless, and Mobile Precellular Mobile Networks First Generation Analog Cellular-Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS) Second Generation Digital Mobile Air Interfaces Spectrum and Rights to Airwaves Frequency Ranges of Frequency-Spectrum Blocks Spectrum Caps-Limiting the Amount of Spectrum Per Carrier Allocation Implication of Spectrum Ranges Spectrum for Higher-Speed 3G Services Unlicensed Spectrum for 802.11 and WiMAX Multiband Versus Multimode Mobile Carriers The United States Europe China India The Structure of Second Generation Digital Mobile Networks A Cell Site-Connections Between Customers and Mobile Networks Switching and Signaling Coverage Gaps-Rural Locales, Inside Buildings, and Congested Metropolitan Areas Number Portability-Wireless to Wireless and Wireline to Wireless Roaming Using Mobile Devices in Other Networks Push-to-Talk-Mobile Walkie-Talkie Service Enhanced 911 The Criticality of Mobile Networks-Emergency Preparedness Evolving to Third Generation Packet Networks Comparing Third Generation Technologies The Transition to WCDMA-GPRS and Then EDGE WCDMA-Wideband Code Division Multiplexing The Evolution to CDMA2000 1X (Voice and Data) and CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Data Optimized-High Data Rate) 3G Compatible Handsets-Multimode Capabilities for Roaming The Path to IP Converged 3G Networks 802.20: IP Mobile Broadband Wireless Access-MobileFi Mobile Networks for Video-Using Incompatible Technologies Mobile Commerce, Enhanced Services, and Operating Systems The Battle for Operating System Dominance Camera Phones Ring-Back Tones-Mobile Music Instead of Ringing Mobile Commerce-Mobile Devices to Make Purchases The IP Multimedia System and Interoperable Multimedia 3G Applications for Enterprises Specialized Mobile Radio-Slow-Speed Packet Data and Push-to-Talk Specialized Mobile Radio-Packetized Data Networks for Two-Way E-mail and Field Services Satellites and Paging Satellite Networks Satellite Telephones-For Emergencies and Remote Areas VSAT Service-Small Satellite Dishes Paging Services9. Wi-Fi, Wireless Broadband, Sensor Networks, and Personal Area Networks. 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) The Terms 802.11, WLAN, and Wi-Fi The Criticality of Standards The Main Standards: 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g 802.11n-Improving Range (Area Covered), Capacity, and Data Rates WLAN Infrastructure: Access Points and Switches In Enterprises Hotspots-Wi-Fi Inside Public Places In Homes-To Avoid Running Cables Wi-Fi Networks for Voice Over IP (VoIP) Managing Security on WLANs Compared to 3G: Mobility, Coverage, and Data Rates Broadband Wireless Access WiMAX: Broadband Access, Based on 802.16 Adapting 3G for Wireless Broadband Access: UMTS TDD and WCDMA Personal Area Networks (PANs) Bluetooth Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Ultra-Wideband-High-Speed, Short Distance Links Sensor Networks-The 802.15.4 Standard ZigBee-A Protocol For Sensor Networks AppendixGlossary.Bibliography.Index.