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Principles of anatomy & physiology / Gerard J.Tortora, Bryan Derrickson.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextPublisher: Danvers, MA : Wiley, [2014]Edition: 14th editionDescription: xxvii, 1127, 33 pages : illustrations (some colored), portraits ; 29 cmContent type:
  • text
Media type:
  • unmediated
Carrier type:
  • volume
ISBN:
  • 9781118345009 (main book ISBN : alk. paper)
  • 1118345002 (main book ISBN : alk. paper)
  • 9781118344392 (binderready version ISBN : alk. paper)
  • 1118344391 (binderready version ISBN : alk. paper)
  • 9781118808436
Other title:
  • Principles of anatomy and physiology
Subject(s): Genre/Form: DDC classification:
  • 22 612 T.G.P
LOC classification:
  • QP34.5 .T67 2014
NLM classification:
  • QS 4
Online resources:
Contents:
1 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Defined 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems 1.3 Characteristics of the Living Human Organism Basic Life Processes 1.4 Homeostasis Homeostasis and Body Fluids Control of Homeostasis Homeostatic Imbalances 1.5 Basic Anatomical Terminology Body Positions Regional Names Directional Terms Planes and Sections Body Cavities Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 1.6 Medical Imaging Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 2 THE CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION 2.1 How Matter Is Organized Chemical Elements Structure of Atoms Atomic Number and Mass Number Atomic Mass Ions, Molecules, and Compounds 2.2 Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Hydrogen Bonds 2.3 Chemical Reactions Forms of Energy and Chemical Reactions Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions Types of Chemical Reactions 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions Water Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions Inorganic Acids, Bases, and Salts Acid-Base Balance: The Concept of pH Maintaining pH: Buffer Systems 2.5 Organic Compounds Carbon and Its Functional Groups Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Adenosine Triphosphate Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 3 THE CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION 3.1 Parts of a Cell 3.2 The Plasma Membrane Structure of the Plasma Membrane Functions of Membrane Proteins Membrane Fluidity Membrane Permeability Gradients across the Plasma Membrane 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane Passive Processes Active Processes 3.4 Cytoplasm Cytosol Organelles 3.5 Nucleus 3.6 Protein Synthesis Transcription Translation 3.7 Cell Division Somatic Cell Division Control of Cell Destiny Reproductive Cell Division 3.8 Cellular Diversity 3.9 Aging and Cells Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 4 THE TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION 4.1 Types of Tissues 4.2 Cell Junctions Tight Junctions Adherens Junctions Desmosomes Hemidesmosomes Gap Junctions 4.3 Comparison between Epithelial and Connective Tissues 4.4 Epithelial Tissue Classification of Epithelial Tissue Covering and Lining Epithelium Glandular Epithelium 4.5 Connective Tissue General Features of Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Cells Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix Classification of Connective Tissue Embryonic Connective Tissue Mature Connective Tissue 4.6 Membranes Epithelial Membranes Synovial Membranes 4.7 Muscular Tissue 4.8 Nervous Tissue 4.9 Excitable Cells 4.10 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 4.11 Aging and Tissues Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 5 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 5.1 Structure of the Skin Epidermis Keratinization and Growth of the Epidermis Dermis The Structural Basis of Skin Color Tattooing and Body Piercing 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin Hair Skin Glands Nails 5.3 Types of Skin 5.4 Functions of the Skin Thermoregulation Blood Reservoir Protection Cutaneous Sensations Excretion and Absorption Synthesis of Vitamin D 5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing Epidermal Wound Healing Deep Wound Healing 5.6 Development of the Integumentary System 5.7 Aging and the Integumentary System Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 6 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: BONE TISSUE 6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 6.2 Structure of Bone 6.3 Histology of Bone Tissue Compact Bone Tissue Spongy Bone Tissue 6.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 6.5 Bone Formation Initial Bone Formation in an Embryo and Fetus Bone Growth during Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence Remodeling of Bone Factors Affecting Bone Growth and Bone Remodeling 6.6 Fracture and Repair of Bone 6.7 Bone's Role in Calcium Homeostasis 6.8 Exercise and Bone Tissue 6.9 Aging and Bone Tissue Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 7 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE AXIAL SKELETON 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 7.2 Types of Bones 7.3 Bone Surface Markings 7.4 Skull General Features and Functions Nasal Septum Orbits Foramina Unique Features of the Skull 7.5 Hyoid Bone 7.6 Vertebral Column Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column Intervertebral Discs Parts of a Typical Vertebra Regions of the Vertebral Column Age-related Changes in the Vertebral Column 7.7 Thorax Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 8 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 8.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 8.2 Upper Limb (Extremity) 8.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 8.4 False and True Pelves 8.5 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 8.6 Lower Limb (Extremity) 8.7 Development of the Skeletal System Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 9 JOINTS 9.1 Joint Classifications 9.2 Fibrous Joints Sutures Syndesmoses Interosseous Membranes 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints Synchondroses Symphyses 9.4 Synovial Joints Structure of Synovial Joints Nerve and Blood Supply Bursae and Tendon Sheaths 9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Gliding Angular Movements Rotation Special Movements 9.6 Types of Synovial Joints Plane Joints Hinge Joints Pivot Joints Condyloid Joints Saddle Joints Ball-and-Socket Joints 9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 9.8 Selected Joints of the Body 9.9 Aging and Joints 9.10 Arthroplasty Hip Replacements Knee Replacements Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 10 MUSCULAR TISSUE 10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue Types of Muscular Tissue Functions of Muscular Tissue Properties of Muscular Tissue 10.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Connective Tissue Components Nerve and Blood Supply Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber Muscle Proteins 10.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers The Sliding Filament Mechanism The Neuromuscular Junction 10.4 Muscle Metabolism Production of ATP in Muscle Fibers Muscle Fatigue Oxygen Consumption after Exercise 10.5 Control of Muscle Tension Motor Units Twitch Contraction Frequency of Stimulation Motor Unit Recruitment Muscle Tone Isotonic and Isometric Contractions 10.6 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers Slow Oxidative Fibers Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers Fast Glycolytic Fibers Distribution and Recruitment of Different Types of Fibers 10.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue Effective Stretching Strength Training 10.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 10.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth Muscle Physiology of Smooth Muscle 10.10 Regeneration of Muscular Tissue 10.11 Development of Muscle 10.12 Aging and Muscular Tissue Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions
11 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and Insertion Lever Systems and Leverage Effects of Fascicle Arrangement Coordination among Muscles 11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 11.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 12 NERVOUS TISSUE 12.1 Overview of the Nervous System Organization of the Nervous System Functions of the Nervous System 12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue Neurons Neuroglia Myelination Collections of Nervous Tissue 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons Ion Channels Resting Membrane Potential Graded Potentials Generation of Action Potentials Propagation of Action Potentials Encoding of Stimulus Intensity Comparison of Electrical Signals Produced by Excitable Cells 12.4 Signal Transmission at Synapses Electrical Synapses Chemical Synapses Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials Structure of Neurotransmitter Receptors Removal of Neurotransmitter Spatial and Temporal Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials 12.5 Neurotransmitters Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters Neuropeptides 12.6 Neural Circuits 12.7 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue Neurogenesis in the CNS Damage and Repair in the PNS Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 13 THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy Protective Structures Vertebral Column External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 13.2 Spinal Nerves Connective Tissue Coverings of Spinal Nerves Distribution of Spinal Nerves Dermatomes 13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology Sensory and Motor Tracts Reflexes and Reflex Arcs Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 14 THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES 14.1 Brain Organization, Protection, and Blood Supply Major Parts of the Brain Protective Coverings of the Brain Brain Blood Flow and the Blood-Brain Barrier 14.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid Functions of CSF Formation of CSF in the Ventricles Circulation of CSF 14.3 The Brain Stem and Reticular Formation Medulla Oblongata Pons Midbrain Reticular Formation 14.4 The Cerebellum 14.5 The Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus Circumventricular Organs 14.6 The Cerebrum Cerebral Cortex Lobes of the Cerebrum Cerebral White Matter Basal Nuclei The Limbic System 14.7 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex Sensory Areas Motor Areas Association Areas Hemispheric Lateralization Brain Waves 14.8 Cranial Nerves 14.9 Development of the Nervous System 14.10 Aging and the Nervous System Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 15 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 15.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Motor Neurons 15.2 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways Anatomical Components Structure of the Sympathetic Division Structure of the Parasympathetic Division Structure of the Enteric Division 15.3 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors Adrenergic Neurons and Receptors Receptor Agonists and Antagonists 15.4 Physiology of the ANS Autonomic Tone Sympathetic Responses Parasympathetic Responses 15.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions Autonomic Reflexes Autonomic Control by Higher Centers Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 16 SENSORY, MOTOR, AND INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS 16.1 Sensation Sensory Modalities The Process of Sensation Sensory Receptors 16.2 Somatic Sensations Tactile Sensations Thermal Sensations Pain Sensations Proprioceptive Sensations 16.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways Posterior Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway to the Cortex Anterolateral Pathway to the Cortex Trigeminothalamic Pathway to the Cortex Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum 16.4 Somatic Motor Pathways Organization of Upper Motor Neuron Pathways Roles of the Basal Nuclei Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum 16.5 Integrative Functions of the Cerebrum Wakefulness and Sleep Learning and Memory Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 17 THE SPECIAL SENSES 17.1 Olfaction: Sense of Smell Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors Physiology of Olfaction Odor Thresholds and Adaptation The Olfactory Pathway 17.2 Gustation: Sense of Taste Anatomy of Taste Buds and Papillae Physiology of Gustation Taste Thresholds and Adaptation The Gustatory Pathway 17.3 Vision Electromagnetic Radiation Accessory Structures of the Eye Anatomy of the Eyeball Image Formation Convergence Physiology of Vision The Visual Pathway 17.4 Hearing and Equilibrium Anatomy of the Ear The Nature of Sound Waves Physiology of Hearing The Auditory Pathway Physiology of Equilibrium Equilibrium Pathways 17.5 Development of the Eyes and Ears Eyes Ears 17.6 Aging and the Special Senses Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 18 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 18.1 Comparison of Control by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems 18.2 Endocrine Glands 18.3 Hormone Activity The Role of Hormone Receptors Circulating and Local Hormones Chemical Classes of Hormones Hormone Transport in the Blood 18.4 Mechanisms of Hormone Action Action of Lipid-Soluble Hormones Action of Water-Soluble Hormones Hormone Interactions 18.5 Control of Hormone Secretion 18.6 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary 18.7 Thyroid Gland Formation, Storage, and Release of Thyroid Hormones Actions of Thyroid Hormones Control of Thyroid Hormone Secretion Calcitonin 18.8 Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid Hormone Control of Secretion of Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone 18.9 Adrenal Glands Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla 18.10 Pancreatic Islets Cell Types in the Pancreatic Islets Control of Secretion of Glucagon and Insulin 18.11 Ovaries and Testes 18.12 Pineal Gland and Thymus 18.13 Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs, Eicosanoids, and Growth Factors Hormones from Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs Eicosanoids Growth Factors 18.14 The Stress Response The Fight-or-Flight Response The Resistance Reaction Exhaustion Stress and Disease 18.15 Development of the Endocrine System 18.16 Aging and the Endocrine System Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 19 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE BLOOD 19.1 Functions and Properties of Blood Functions of Blood Physical Characteristics of Blood Components of Blood 19.2 Formation of Blood Cells 19.3 Red Blood Cells RBC Anatomy RBC Physiology Erythropoiesis: Productino of RBCs 19.4 White Blood Cells Types of White Blood Cells Functions of White Blood Cells 19.5 Platelets 19.6 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord Blood 19.7 Hemostasis Vascular Spasm Platelet Plug Formation Blood Clotting Role of Vitamin K in Clotting Homeostatic Control of Blood Clotting Intravascular Clotting 19.8 Blood Groups and Blood Types ABO Blood Group Transfusions Rh Blood Group Typing and Cross-Matching Blood for Transfusion Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 20 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 20.1 Anatomy of the Heart Location of the Heart Pericardium Layers of the Heart Wall Chambers of the Heart Myocardial Thickness and Function Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart 20.2 Heart Valves and Circulation of Blood Operation of the Atrioventricular Valves Operation of the Semilunar Valves Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations Coronary Circulation 20.3 Cardiac Muscle Tissue and the Cardiac Conduction System Histology of Cardiac Muscle Tissue Autorhythmic Fibers: The Conduction System Action Potential and Contraction of Contractile Fibers ATP Production in Cardiac Muscle Electrocardiogram Correlation of ECG Waves with Atrial and Ventricular Systole 20.4 The Cardiac Cycle Pressure and Volume Changes during the Cardiac Cycle Heart Sounds 20.5 Cardiac Output Regulation of Stroke Volume Regulation of Heart Rate 20.6 Exercise and the Heart 20.7 Help for Failing Hearts 20.8 Development of the Heart Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions
21 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS AND HEMODYNAMICS 21.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels Basic Structure of a Blood Vessel Arteries Anastomoses Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Blood Distribution 21.2 Capillary Exchange Diffusion Transcytosis Bulk Flow: Filtration and Reabsorption 21.3 Hemodynamics: Factors Affecting Blood Flow Blood Pressure Vascular Resistance Venous Return Velocity of Blood Flow 21.4 Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow Role of the Cardiovascular Center Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure Autoregulation of Blood Flow 21.5 Checking Circulation Pulse Measuring Blood Pressure 21.6 Shock and Homeostasis Types of Shock Homeostatic Responses to Shock Signs and Symptoms of Shock 21.7 Circulatory Routes The Systemic Circulation The Hepatic Portal Circulation The Pulmonary Circulation The Fetal Circulation 21.8 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 21.9 Aging and the Cardiovascular System Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 22 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY 22.1 Lymphatic System Structure and Function Functions of the Lymphatic System Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation Lymphatic Organs and Tissues 22.2 Development of Lymphatic Tissues 22.3 Innate Immunity First Line of Defense: Skin and Mucous Membranes Second Line of Defense: Internal Defenses 22.4 Adaptive Immunity Maturation of T Cells and B Cells Types of Adaptive Immunity Clonal Selection: The Principle Antigens and Antigen Receptors Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigens Pathways of Antigen Processing Cytokines 22.5 Cell-Mediated Immunity Activation of T Cells Activation and Clonal Selection of Helper T Cells Activation and Clonal Selection of Cytotoxic T Cells Elimination of Invaders Immunological Surveillance 22.6 Antibody-Mediated Immunity Activation and Clonal Selection of B Cells Antibodies Immunological Memory 22.7 Self-Recognition and Self-Tolerance 22.8 Stress and Immunity 22.9 Aging and the Immune System Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 23 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 23.1 Respiratory System Anatomy Nose Pharynx Larynx The Structures of Voice Production Trachea Bronchi Lungs Patency of the Respiratory System 23.2 Pulmonary Ventilation Pressure Changes during Pulmonary Ventilation Other Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation Breathing Patterns and Modified Respiratory Movements 23.3 Lung Volumes and Capacities 23.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Gas Laws: Dalton's Law and Henry's Law External and Internal Respiration 23.5 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Transport Carbon Dioxide Transport Summary of Gas Exchange and Transport in Lungs and Tissues 23.6 Control of Breathing Respiratory Center Regulation of the Respiratory Center 23.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System 23.8 Development of the Respiratory System 23.9 Aging and the Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 24 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 24.1 Overview of the Digestive System 24.2 Layers of the GI Tract Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa 24.3 Neural Innervation of the GI Tract Enteric Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Gastrointestinal Reflex Pathways 24.4 Peritoneum 24.5 Mouth Salivary Glands Tongue Teeth Mechanical and Chemical Digestion in the Mouth 24.6 Pharynx 24.7 Esophagus Histology of the Esophagus Physiology of the Esophagus 24.8 Deglutition 24.9 Stomach Anatomy of the Stomach Histology of the Stomach Mechanical and Chemical Digestion in the Stomach 24.10 Pancreas Anatomy of the Pancreas Histology of the Pancreas Composition and Functions of Pancreatic Juice 24.11 Liver and Gallbladder Anatomy of the Liver and Gallbladder Histology of the Liver and Gallbladder Blood Supply of the Liver Functions of the Liver and Gallbladder 24.12 Small Intestine Anatomy of the Small Intestine Histology of the Small Intestine Role of Intestinal Juice and Brush-Border Enzymes Mechanical Digestion in the Small Intestine Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine Absorption in the Small Intestine 24.13 Large Intestine Anatomy of the Large Intestine Histology of the Large Intestine Mechanical Digestion in the Large Intestine Chemical Digestion in the Large Intestine Absorption and Feces Formation in the Large Intestine The Defecation Reflex 24.14 Phases of Digestion Cephalic Phase Gastric Phase Intestinal Phase Other Hormones of the Digestive System 24.15 Development of the Digestive System 24.16 Aging and the Digestive System Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 25 METABOLISM AND NUTRITION 25.1 Metabolic Reactions Coupling of Catabolism and Anabolism by ATP 25.2 Energy Transfer Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Mechanisms of ATP Generation 25.3 Carbohydrate Metabolism The Fate of Glucose Glucose Movement into Cells Glucose Catabolism Glucose Anabolism 25.4 Lipid Metabolism Transport of Lipids by Lipoproteins Sources and Significance of Blood Cholesterol The Fate of Lipids Triglyceride Storage Lipid Catabolism: Lipolysis Lipid Anabolism: Lipogenesis 25.5 Protein Metabolism The Fate of Proteins Protein Catabolism Protein Anabolism 25.6 Key Molecules at Metabolic Crossroads The Role of Glucose 6-Phosphate The Role of Pyruvic Acid The Role of Acetyl Coenzyme A 25.7 Metabolic Adaptations Metabolism during the Absorptive State Metabolism during the Postabsorptive State Metabolism during Fasting and Starvation 25.8 Heat and Energy Balance Metabolic Rate Body Temperature Homeostasis Energy Homeostasis and Regulation of Food Intake 25.9 Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Eating Minerals Vitamins Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 26 THE URINARY SYSTEM 26.1 Overview of Kidney Functions 26.2 Anatomy and Histology of the Kidneys External Anatomy of the Kidneys Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys Blood and Nerve Supply of the Kidneys The Nephron 26.3 Overview of Renal Physiology 26.4 Glomerular Filtration The Filtration Membrane Net Filtration Pressure Glomerular Filtration Rate 26.5 Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion Principles of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion Reabsorption and Secretion in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule Reabsorption in the Nephron Loop Reabsorption in the Early Distal Convoluted Tubule Reabsorption and Secretion in the Late Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct Homeostatic Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion 26.6 Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine Formation of Dilute Urine Formation of Concentrated Urine 26.7 Evaluation of Kidney Function Urinalysis Blood Tests Renal Plasma Clearance 26.8 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra 26.9 Waste Management in Other Body Systems 26.10 Development of the Urinary System 26.11 Aging and the Urinary System Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 27 FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS 27.1 Fluid Compartments and Fluid Homeostasis Sources of Body Water Gain and Loss Regulation of Body Water Gain Regulation of Water and Solute Loss Movement of Water between Body Fluid Compartments 27.2 Electrolytes in Body Fluids Concentrations of Electrolytes in Body Fluids Sodium Chloride Potassium Bicarbonate Calcium Phosphate Magnesium 27.3 Acid-Base Balance The Actions of Buffer Systems Exhalation of Carbon Dioxide Kidney Excretion of H+ Acid-Base Imbalances 27.4 Aging and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 28 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 28.1 Male Reproductive System Scrotum Testes Reproductive System Ducts in Males Accessory Sex Glands Semen Penis 28.2 Female Reproductive System Ovaries Uterine Tubes Uterus Vagina Vulva Perineum Mammary Glands 28.3 The Female Reproductive Cycle Homeostatic Control of the Female Reproductive Cycle Phases of the Female Reproductive Cycle 28.4 Birth Control Methods and Abortion Birth Control Methods Abortion 28.5 Development of the Reproductive Systems 28.6 Aging and the Reproductive Systems Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions 29 DEVELOPMENT AND INHERITANCE 29.1 Embryonic Period First Week of Development Second Week of Development Third Week of Development Fourth Week of Development Fifth through Eighth Weeks of Development 29.2 Fetal Period 29.3 Teratogens Chemicals and Drugs Cigarette Smoking Irradiation 29.4 Prenatal Diagnostic Tests Fetal Ultrasonography Amniocentesis Chorionic Villi Sampling Noninvasive Prenatal Tests 29.5 Maternal Changes during Pregnancy Hormones of Pregnancy Changes during Pregnancy 29.6 Exercise and Pregnancy 29.7 Labor 29.8 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth Respiratory Adjustments Cardiovascular Adjustments 29.9 The Physiology of Lactation 29.10 Inheritance Genotype and Phenotype Variations on Dominant-Recessive Inheritance Autosomes, Sex Chromosomes, and Sex Determination Sex-Linked Inheritance Medical Terminology Chapter Review and Resource Summary Critical Thinking Questions Answers to Figure Questions APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENTS APPENDIX B: PERIODIC TABLE APPENDIX C: NORMAL VALUES FOR SELECTED BLOOD TESTS APPENDIX D: NORMAL VALUES FOR SELECTED URINE TESTS APPENDIX E: ANSWERS TO CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS GLOSSARY CREDITS INDEX
Summary: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology continues to set the standard for the discipline. The authors have maintained a superb balance between structure and function and continue to emphasize the correlations between normal physiology and pathophysiology, normal anatomy and pathology, and homeostasis and homeostatic imbalances. No other text and package offers a teaching and learning environment as rich and complete.
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Human Physiology


Includes index.

1 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY
1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Defined
1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems
1.3 Characteristics of the Living Human Organism
Basic Life Processes
1.4 Homeostasis
Homeostasis and Body Fluids
Control of Homeostasis
Homeostatic Imbalances
1.5 Basic Anatomical Terminology
Body Positions
Regional Names
Directional Terms
Planes and Sections
Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
1.6 Medical Imaging
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
2 THE CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
2.1 How Matter Is Organized
Chemical Elements
Structure of Atoms
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic Mass
Ions, Molecules, and Compounds
2.2 Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
2.3 Chemical Reactions
Forms of Energy and Chemical Reactions
Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions
Types of Chemical Reactions
2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions
Water
Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions
Inorganic Acids, Bases, and Salts
Acid-Base Balance: The Concept of pH
Maintaining pH: Buffer Systems
2.5 Organic Compounds
Carbon and Its Functional Groups
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Adenosine Triphosphate
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
3 THE CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
3.1 Parts of a Cell
3.2 The Plasma Membrane
Structure of the Plasma Membrane
Functions of Membrane Proteins
Membrane Fluidity
Membrane Permeability
Gradients across the Plasma Membrane
3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane
Passive Processes
Active Processes
3.4 Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Organelles
3.5 Nucleus
3.6 Protein Synthesis
Transcription
Translation
3.7 Cell Division
Somatic Cell Division
Control of Cell Destiny
Reproductive Cell Division
3.8 Cellular Diversity
3.9 Aging and Cells
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
4 THE TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
4.1 Types of Tissues
4.2 Cell Junctions
Tight Junctions
Adherens Junctions
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Gap Junctions
4.3 Comparison between Epithelial and Connective Tissues
4.4 Epithelial Tissue
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Covering and Lining Epithelium
Glandular Epithelium
4.5 Connective Tissue
General Features of Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue Cells
Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix
Classification of Connective Tissue
Embryonic Connective Tissue
Mature Connective Tissue
4.6 Membranes
Epithelial Membranes
Synovial Membranes
4.7 Muscular Tissue
4.8 Nervous Tissue
4.9 Excitable Cells
4.10 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis
4.11 Aging and Tissues
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
5 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
5.1 Structure of the Skin
Epidermis
Keratinization and Growth of the Epidermis
Dermis
The Structural Basis of Skin Color
Tattooing and Body Piercing
5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
Hair
Skin Glands
Nails
5.3 Types of Skin
5.4 Functions of the Skin
Thermoregulation
Blood Reservoir
Protection
Cutaneous Sensations
Excretion and Absorption
Synthesis of Vitamin D
5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing
Epidermal Wound Healing
Deep Wound Healing
5.6 Development of the Integumentary System
5.7 Aging and the Integumentary System
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
6 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: BONE TISSUE
6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System
6.2 Structure of Bone
6.3 Histology of Bone Tissue
Compact Bone Tissue
Spongy Bone Tissue
6.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone
6.5 Bone Formation
Initial Bone Formation in an Embryo and Fetus
Bone Growth during Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence
Remodeling of Bone
Factors Affecting Bone Growth and Bone Remodeling
6.6 Fracture and Repair of Bone
6.7 Bone's Role in Calcium Homeostasis
6.8 Exercise and Bone Tissue
6.9 Aging and Bone Tissue
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
7 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE AXIAL SKELETON
7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
7.2 Types of Bones
7.3 Bone Surface Markings
7.4 Skull
General Features and Functions
Nasal Septum
Orbits
Foramina
Unique Features of the Skull
7.5 Hyoid Bone
7.6 Vertebral Column
Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column
Intervertebral Discs
Parts of a Typical Vertebra
Regions of the Vertebral Column
Age-related Changes in the Vertebral Column
7.7 Thorax
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
8 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
8.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
8.2 Upper Limb (Extremity)
8.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
8.4 False and True Pelves
8.5 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves
8.6 Lower Limb (Extremity)
8.7 Development of the Skeletal System
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
9 JOINTS
9.1 Joint Classifications
9.2 Fibrous Joints
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Interosseous Membranes
9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondroses
Symphyses
9.4 Synovial Joints
Structure of Synovial Joints
Nerve and Blood Supply
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
Gliding
Angular Movements
Rotation
Special Movements
9.6 Types of Synovial Joints
Plane Joints
Hinge Joints
Pivot Joints
Condyloid Joints
Saddle Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joints
9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints
9.8 Selected Joints of the Body
9.9 Aging and Joints
9.10 Arthroplasty
Hip Replacements
Knee Replacements
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
10 MUSCULAR TISSUE
10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue
Types of Muscular Tissue
Functions of Muscular Tissue
Properties of Muscular Tissue
10.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Connective Tissue Components
Nerve and Blood Supply
Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Muscle Proteins
10.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
The Sliding Filament Mechanism
The Neuromuscular Junction
10.4 Muscle Metabolism
Production of ATP in Muscle Fibers
Muscle Fatigue
Oxygen Consumption after Exercise
10.5 Control of Muscle Tension
Motor Units
Twitch Contraction
Frequency of Stimulation
Motor Unit Recruitment
Muscle Tone
Isotonic and Isometric Contractions
10.6 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Slow Oxidative Fibers
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers
Fast Glycolytic Fibers
Distribution and Recruitment of Different Types of Fibers
10.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Effective Stretching
Strength Training
10.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
10.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue
Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth Muscle
Physiology of Smooth Muscle
10.10 Regeneration of Muscular Tissue
10.11 Development of Muscle
10.12 Aging and Muscular Tissue
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions

11 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements
Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and Insertion
Lever Systems and Leverage
Effects of Fascicle Arrangement
Coordination among Muscles
11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named
11.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
12 NERVOUS TISSUE
12.1 Overview of the Nervous System
Organization of the Nervous System
Functions of the Nervous System
12.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue
Neurons
Neuroglia
Myelination
Collections of Nervous Tissue
12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons
Ion Channels
Resting Membrane Potential
Graded Potentials
Generation of Action Potentials
Propagation of Action Potentials
Encoding of Stimulus Intensity
Comparison of Electrical Signals Produced by Excitable Cells
12.4 Signal Transmission at Synapses
Electrical Synapses
Chemical Synapses
Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
Structure of Neurotransmitter Receptors
Removal of Neurotransmitter
Spatial and Temporal Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
12.5 Neurotransmitters
Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters
Neuropeptides
12.6 Neural Circuits
12.7 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue
Neurogenesis in the CNS
Damage and Repair in the PNS
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
13 THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES
13.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy
Protective Structures
Vertebral Column
External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
13.2 Spinal Nerves
Connective Tissue Coverings of Spinal Nerves
Distribution of Spinal Nerves
Dermatomes
13.3 Spinal Cord Physiology
Sensory and Motor Tracts
Reflexes and Reflex Arcs
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
14 THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
14.1 Brain Organization, Protection, and Blood Supply
Major Parts of the Brain
Protective Coverings of the Brain
Brain Blood Flow and the Blood-Brain Barrier
14.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid
Functions of CSF
Formation of CSF in the Ventricles
Circulation of CSF
14.3 The Brain Stem and Reticular Formation
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
Reticular Formation
14.4 The Cerebellum
14.5 The Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Circumventricular Organs
14.6 The Cerebrum
Cerebral Cortex
Lobes of the Cerebrum
Cerebral White Matter
Basal Nuclei
The Limbic System
14.7 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
Sensory Areas
Motor Areas
Association Areas
Hemispheric Lateralization
Brain Waves
14.8 Cranial Nerves
14.9 Development of the Nervous System
14.10 Aging and the Nervous System
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
15 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
15.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Motor Neurons
15.2 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways
Anatomical Components
Structure of the Sympathetic Division
Structure of the Parasympathetic Division
Structure of the Enteric Division
15.3 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors
Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors
Adrenergic Neurons and Receptors
Receptor Agonists and Antagonists
15.4 Physiology of the ANS
Autonomic Tone
Sympathetic Responses
Parasympathetic Responses
15.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions
Autonomic Reflexes
Autonomic Control by Higher Centers
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
16 SENSORY, MOTOR, AND INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS
16.1 Sensation
Sensory Modalities
The Process of Sensation
Sensory Receptors
16.2 Somatic Sensations
Tactile Sensations
Thermal Sensations
Pain Sensations
Proprioceptive Sensations
16.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways
Posterior Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway to the Cortex
Anterolateral Pathway to the Cortex
Trigeminothalamic Pathway to the Cortex
Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area
Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum
16.4 Somatic Motor Pathways
Organization of Upper Motor Neuron Pathways
Roles of the Basal Nuclei
Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum
16.5 Integrative Functions of the Cerebrum
Wakefulness and Sleep
Learning and Memory
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
17 THE SPECIAL SENSES
17.1 Olfaction: Sense of Smell
Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors
Physiology of Olfaction
Odor Thresholds and Adaptation
The Olfactory Pathway
17.2 Gustation: Sense of Taste
Anatomy of Taste Buds and Papillae
Physiology of Gustation
Taste Thresholds and Adaptation
The Gustatory Pathway
17.3 Vision
Electromagnetic Radiation
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Anatomy of the Eyeball
Image Formation
Convergence
Physiology of Vision
The Visual Pathway
17.4 Hearing and Equilibrium
Anatomy of the Ear
The Nature of Sound Waves
Physiology of Hearing
The Auditory Pathway
Physiology of Equilibrium
Equilibrium Pathways
17.5 Development of the Eyes and Ears
Eyes
Ears
17.6 Aging and the Special Senses
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
18 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
18.1 Comparison of Control by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
18.2 Endocrine Glands
18.3 Hormone Activity
The Role of Hormone Receptors
Circulating and Local Hormones
Chemical Classes of Hormones
Hormone Transport in the Blood
18.4 Mechanisms of Hormone Action
Action of Lipid-Soluble Hormones
Action of Water-Soluble Hormones
Hormone Interactions
18.5 Control of Hormone Secretion
18.6 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
18.7 Thyroid Gland
Formation, Storage, and Release of Thyroid Hormones
Actions of Thyroid Hormones
Control of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
Calcitonin
18.8 Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Hormone
Control of Secretion of Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone
18.9 Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
18.10 Pancreatic Islets
Cell Types in the Pancreatic Islets
Control of Secretion of Glucagon and Insulin
18.11 Ovaries and Testes
18.12 Pineal Gland and Thymus
18.13 Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs, Eicosanoids, and Growth Factors
Hormones from Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs
Eicosanoids
Growth Factors
18.14 The Stress Response
The Fight-or-Flight Response
The Resistance Reaction
Exhaustion
Stress and Disease
18.15 Development of the Endocrine System
18.16 Aging and the Endocrine System
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
19 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE BLOOD
19.1 Functions and Properties of Blood
Functions of Blood
Physical Characteristics of Blood
Components of Blood
19.2 Formation of Blood Cells
19.3 Red Blood Cells
RBC Anatomy
RBC Physiology
Erythropoiesis: Productino of RBCs
19.4 White Blood Cells
Types of White Blood Cells
Functions of White Blood Cells
19.5 Platelets
19.6 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord Blood
19.7 Hemostasis
Vascular Spasm
Platelet Plug Formation
Blood Clotting
Role of Vitamin K in Clotting
Homeostatic Control of Blood Clotting
Intravascular Clotting
19.8 Blood Groups and Blood Types
ABO Blood Group
Transfusions
Rh Blood Group
Typing and Cross-Matching Blood for Transfusion
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
20 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART
20.1 Anatomy of the Heart
Location of the Heart
Pericardium
Layers of the Heart Wall
Chambers of the Heart
Myocardial Thickness and Function
Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart
20.2 Heart Valves and Circulation of Blood
Operation of the Atrioventricular Valves
Operation of the Semilunar Valves
Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
Coronary Circulation
20.3 Cardiac Muscle Tissue and the Cardiac Conduction System
Histology of Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Autorhythmic Fibers: The Conduction System
Action Potential and Contraction of Contractile Fibers
ATP Production in Cardiac Muscle
Electrocardiogram
Correlation of ECG Waves with Atrial and Ventricular Systole
20.4 The Cardiac Cycle
Pressure and Volume Changes during the Cardiac Cycle
Heart Sounds
20.5 Cardiac Output
Regulation of Stroke Volume
Regulation of Heart Rate
20.6 Exercise and the Heart
20.7 Help for Failing Hearts
20.8 Development of the Heart
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions

21 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS AND HEMODYNAMICS
21.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
Basic Structure of a Blood Vessel
Arteries
Anastomoses
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Blood Distribution
21.2 Capillary Exchange
Diffusion
Transcytosis
Bulk Flow: Filtration and Reabsorption
21.3 Hemodynamics: Factors Affecting Blood Flow
Blood Pressure
Vascular Resistance
Venous Return
Velocity of Blood Flow
21.4 Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
Role of the Cardiovascular Center
Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure
Autoregulation of Blood Flow
21.5 Checking Circulation
Pulse
Measuring Blood Pressure
21.6 Shock and Homeostasis
Types of Shock
Homeostatic Responses to Shock
Signs and Symptoms of Shock
21.7 Circulatory Routes
The Systemic Circulation
The Hepatic Portal Circulation
The Pulmonary Circulation
The Fetal Circulation
21.8 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood
21.9 Aging and the Cardiovascular System
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
22 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY
22.1 Lymphatic System Structure and Function
Functions of the Lymphatic System
Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation
Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
22.2 Development of Lymphatic Tissues
22.3 Innate Immunity
First Line of Defense: Skin and Mucous Membranes
Second Line of Defense: Internal Defenses
22.4 Adaptive Immunity
Maturation of T Cells and B Cells
Types of Adaptive Immunity
Clonal Selection: The Principle
Antigens and Antigen Receptors
Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigens
Pathways of Antigen Processing
Cytokines
22.5 Cell-Mediated Immunity
Activation of T Cells
Activation and Clonal Selection of Helper T Cells
Activation and Clonal Selection of Cytotoxic T Cells
Elimination of Invaders
Immunological Surveillance
22.6 Antibody-Mediated Immunity
Activation and Clonal Selection of B Cells
Antibodies
Immunological Memory
22.7 Self-Recognition and Self-Tolerance
22.8 Stress and Immunity
22.9 Aging and the Immune System
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
23 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
23.1 Respiratory System Anatomy
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
The Structures of Voice Production
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Patency of the Respiratory System
23.2 Pulmonary Ventilation
Pressure Changes during Pulmonary Ventilation
Other Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation
Breathing Patterns and Modified Respiratory Movements
23.3 Lung Volumes and Capacities
23.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Gas Laws: Dalton's Law and Henry's Law
External and Internal Respiration
23.5 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen Transport
Carbon Dioxide Transport
Summary of Gas Exchange and Transport in Lungs and Tissues
23.6 Control of Breathing
Respiratory Center
Regulation of the Respiratory Center
23.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System
23.8 Development of the Respiratory System
23.9 Aging and the Respiratory System
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
24 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
24.1 Overview of the Digestive System
24.2 Layers of the GI Tract
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
24.3 Neural Innervation of the GI Tract
Enteric Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Gastrointestinal Reflex Pathways
24.4 Peritoneum
24.5 Mouth
Salivary Glands
Tongue
Teeth
Mechanical and Chemical Digestion in the Mouth
24.6 Pharynx
24.7 Esophagus
Histology of the Esophagus
Physiology of the Esophagus
24.8 Deglutition
24.9 Stomach
Anatomy of the Stomach
Histology of the Stomach
Mechanical and Chemical Digestion in the Stomach
24.10 Pancreas
Anatomy of the Pancreas
Histology of the Pancreas
Composition and Functions of Pancreatic Juice
24.11 Liver and Gallbladder
Anatomy of the Liver and Gallbladder
Histology of the Liver and Gallbladder
Blood Supply of the Liver
Functions of the Liver and Gallbladder
24.12 Small Intestine
Anatomy of the Small Intestine
Histology of the Small Intestine
Role of Intestinal Juice and Brush-Border Enzymes
Mechanical Digestion in the Small Intestine
Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
Absorption in the Small Intestine
24.13 Large Intestine
Anatomy of the Large Intestine
Histology of the Large Intestine
Mechanical Digestion in the Large Intestine
Chemical Digestion in the Large Intestine
Absorption and Feces Formation in the Large Intestine
The Defecation Reflex
24.14 Phases of Digestion
Cephalic Phase
Gastric Phase
Intestinal Phase
Other Hormones of the Digestive System
24.15 Development of the Digestive System
24.16 Aging and the Digestive System
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
25 METABOLISM AND NUTRITION
25.1 Metabolic Reactions
Coupling of Catabolism and Anabolism by ATP
25.2 Energy Transfer
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Mechanisms of ATP Generation
25.3 Carbohydrate Metabolism
The Fate of Glucose
Glucose Movement into Cells
Glucose Catabolism
Glucose Anabolism
25.4 Lipid Metabolism
Transport of Lipids by Lipoproteins
Sources and Significance of Blood Cholesterol
The Fate of Lipids
Triglyceride Storage
Lipid Catabolism: Lipolysis
Lipid Anabolism: Lipogenesis
25.5 Protein Metabolism
The Fate of Proteins
Protein Catabolism
Protein Anabolism
25.6 Key Molecules at Metabolic Crossroads
The Role of Glucose 6-Phosphate
The Role of Pyruvic Acid
The Role of Acetyl Coenzyme A
25.7 Metabolic Adaptations
Metabolism during the Absorptive State
Metabolism during the Postabsorptive State
Metabolism during Fasting and Starvation
25.8 Heat and Energy Balance
Metabolic Rate
Body Temperature Homeostasis
Energy Homeostasis and Regulation of Food Intake
25.9 Nutrition
Guidelines for Healthy Eating
Minerals
Vitamins
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
26 THE URINARY SYSTEM
26.1 Overview of Kidney Functions
26.2 Anatomy and Histology of the Kidneys
External Anatomy of the Kidneys
Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys
Blood and Nerve Supply of the Kidneys
The Nephron
26.3 Overview of Renal Physiology
26.4 Glomerular Filtration
The Filtration Membrane
Net Filtration Pressure
Glomerular Filtration Rate
26.5 Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion
Principles of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
Reabsorption and Secretion in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Reabsorption in the Nephron Loop
Reabsorption in the Early Distal Convoluted Tubule
Reabsorption and Secretion in the Late Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct
Homeostatic Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion
26.6 Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine
Formation of Dilute Urine
Formation of Concentrated Urine
26.7 Evaluation of Kidney Function
Urinalysis
Blood Tests
Renal Plasma Clearance
26.8 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
26.9 Waste Management in Other Body Systems
26.10 Development of the Urinary System
26.11 Aging and the Urinary System
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
27 FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID-BASE HOMEOSTASIS
27.1 Fluid Compartments and Fluid Homeostasis
Sources of Body Water Gain and Loss
Regulation of Body Water Gain
Regulation of Water and Solute Loss
Movement of Water between Body Fluid Compartments
27.2 Electrolytes in Body Fluids
Concentrations of Electrolytes in Body Fluids
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium
Bicarbonate
Calcium
Phosphate
Magnesium
27.3 Acid-Base Balance
The Actions of Buffer Systems
Exhalation of Carbon Dioxide
Kidney Excretion of H+
Acid-Base Imbalances
27.4 Aging and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
28 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
28.1 Male Reproductive System
Scrotum
Testes
Reproductive System Ducts in Males
Accessory Sex Glands
Semen
Penis
28.2 Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Uterine Tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Vulva
Perineum
Mammary Glands
28.3 The Female Reproductive Cycle
Homeostatic Control of the Female Reproductive Cycle
Phases of the Female Reproductive Cycle
28.4 Birth Control Methods and Abortion
Birth Control Methods
Abortion
28.5 Development of the Reproductive Systems
28.6 Aging and the Reproductive Systems
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
29 DEVELOPMENT AND INHERITANCE
29.1 Embryonic Period
First Week of Development
Second Week of Development
Third Week of Development
Fourth Week of Development
Fifth through Eighth Weeks of Development
29.2 Fetal Period
29.3 Teratogens
Chemicals and Drugs
Cigarette Smoking
Irradiation
29.4 Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
Fetal Ultrasonography
Amniocentesis
Chorionic Villi Sampling
Noninvasive Prenatal Tests
29.5 Maternal Changes during Pregnancy
Hormones of Pregnancy
Changes during Pregnancy
29.6 Exercise and Pregnancy
29.7 Labor
29.8 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth
Respiratory Adjustments
Cardiovascular Adjustments
29.9 The Physiology of Lactation
29.10 Inheritance
Genotype and Phenotype
Variations on Dominant-Recessive Inheritance
Autosomes, Sex Chromosomes, and Sex Determination
Sex-Linked Inheritance
Medical Terminology
Chapter Review and Resource Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Answers to Figure Questions
APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENTS
APPENDIX B: PERIODIC TABLE
APPENDIX C: NORMAL VALUES FOR SELECTED BLOOD TESTS
APPENDIX D: NORMAL VALUES FOR SELECTED URINE TESTS
APPENDIX E: ANSWERS TO CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
GLOSSARY
CREDITS
INDEX

Principles of Anatomy and Physiology continues to set the standard for the discipline. The authors have maintained a superb balance between structure and function and continue to emphasize the correlations between normal physiology and pathophysiology, normal anatomy and pathology, and homeostasis and homeostatic imbalances. No other text and package offers a teaching and learning environment as rich and complete.


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