Principles of measurement and transduction of biomedical variables / Vera Lucia da Silveira Nantes Button, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ront Cover; Principles of Measurement and Transduction of Biomedical Variables; Copyright Page; Dedication; Contents; Preface; 1 Introduction to Biomedical Variables Transducing; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Characteristics of Transducers; 1.2.1 Static characteristics of transducers; 1.2.1.1 Static sensitivity; 1.2.1.2 Linearity; 1.2.1.3 Input range; 1.2.1.4 Accuracy, resolution, threshold, and precision; 1.2.1.5 Repeatability and reproducibility; 1.2.1.6 Hysteresis; 1.2.1.7 Saturation; 1.2.2 Dynamic characteristics of transducers; 1.2.2.1 Dynamic variables.
1.2.2.2 Linear ordinary time invariant system1.2.2.3 Zero-order, first-order and second-order systems; 1.2.2.4 Time delay; Recommended Readings; 2 Electrodes for Biopotential Recording and Tissue Stimulation; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Biopotentials; 2.3 Electrode-Electrolyte Interface; 2.3.1 Half-cell potential (Vhc); 2.3.1.1 Hydrogen reference electrode; 2.3.1.2 Ag-AgCl reference electrode; 2.3.1.3 Calomel reference electrode; 2.3.2 Equivalent electronic circuit of the electrode/electrolyte interface; 2.4 Electrolyte-Skin Interface; 2.5 Artifacts of Measurement; 2.5.1 Offset voltage.
2.5.2 Motion artifact2.5.3 Electrode polarization; 2.5.3.1 Ohmic overpotential; 2.5.3.2 Concentration overpotential; 2.5.3.3 Activation overpotential; 2.5.4 Liquid junction potential; 2.6 Electrodes Classification; 2.6.1 Noninvasive electrodes; 2.6.1.1 Metal electrodes; 2.6.1.1.1 Limb electrodes; 2.6.1.1.2 Suction electrodes; 2.6.1.1.3 Metal Disc Electrodes; 2.6.1.1.4 EEG electrodes; 2.6.1.1.5 Floating electrodes; 2.6.1.1.5.1 Top-hat electrodes; 2.6.1.1.5.2 Disposable electrodes; 2.6.1.1.6 Dry Electrodes; 2.6.1.2 Flexible electrodes; 2.6.2 Invasive electrodes.
2.6.2.1 Needle and wire electrodes2.6.2.2 Microelectrodes; 2.6.2.2.1 Glass microelectrodes (glass micropipettes); 2.6.2.2.2 Metal microelectrodes; 2.6.2.2.3 Silicon-based microelectrodes; 2.6.3 Electrodes for tissue stimulation; 2.6.3.1 Constant-current stimulation; 2.6.3.2 Constant-voltage stimulation; 2.7 Review the Learning; References; 3 Electrodes for Measurement of Dissolved Gases and Ions Concentration in the Blood Plasma; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Gasometry; 3.2.1 Partial pressure of oxygen; 3.2.1.1 The transport of O2 in the blood; 3.2.2 Oxy-hemoglobin saturation.
3.2.3 Partial pressure of carbon dioxide3.2.3.1 The transport of CO2 in the blood; 3.2.4 Activity of H+ ions; 3.2.5 Bicarbonate; 3.2.6 Base excess; 3.3 Electrodes for pO2, pCO2, and pH Measurement; 3.3.1 Potentiometric method; 3.3.2 Amperometric method; 3.3.3 pH measurement; 3.3.3.1 Glass electrode; 3.3.3.2 Combined glass electrode; 3.3.3.3 Measurement of electrolyte concentration; 3.3.4 Electrode for paO2 measurement; 3.3.4.1 Optical fiber-based pO2 microelectrodes; 3.3.4.2 Measurement of electrolyte concentration; 3.3.5 Electrodes for pCO2 measurement; 3.4 Review the Learning; References.

Focusing on Biomedical Transducers, this book covers the principles of functioning, application examples and new technology solutions. It shows technical and theoretical principles to measure biomedical variables such as arterial blood pressure, blood flow, temperature and CO2 concentration in exhaled air.