Programming and problem solving with C++ / Nell Dale, Chip Weems.

By:

Dale, Nell B

Contributor(s):

Weems, Chip

Material type: Text

TextPublication details: Boston : Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2005.Edition: Fourth editionDescription: xxvii, 1119 : ill. ; 24 cm. + 1 computer disc (4 3/4 inch)Content type:

text

Media type:

unmediated

Carrier type:

volume

ISBN:

0763707988 (pbk.)

Subject(s):

C++ (Computer program language)

DDC classification:

005.133 22 D.N.P

Contents:

Preface v 1 Overview of Programming and Problem Solving 1 1.1 Overview of Programming 2 What Is Programming? 2 How Do We Write a Program? 3 1.2 What Is a Programming Language? 9 1.3 What Is a Computer? 15 1.4 Ethics and Responsibilities in the Computing Profession 24 Software Piracy 24 Privacy of Data 25 Use of Computer Resources 26 Software Engineering 27 1.5 Problem-Solving Techniques 27 Ask Questions 28 Look for Things That Are Familiar 28 Solve by Analogy 28 Means-Ends Analysis 29 Divide and Conquer 30 DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xiii The Building-Block Approach 30 Merging Solutions 31 Mental Blocks: The Fear of Starting 32 Algorithmic Problem Solving 33 Problem-Solving Case Study: An Algorithm for an Employee Paycheck 33 Summary 37 Quick Check 38 Answers 39 Exam Preparation Exercises 39 Programming Warm-Up Exercises 41 Case Study Follow-Up 41 2 C++ Syntax and Semantics, and the Program Development Process 43 2.1 The Elements of C++ Programs 44 C++ Program Structure 44 Syntax and Semantics 46 Syntax Templates 49 Naming Program Elements: Identifiers 52 Data and Data Types 53 Naming Elements: Declarations 56 Taking Action: Executable Statements 61 Beyond Minimalism: Adding Comments to a Program 66 2.2 Program Construction 67 Blocks (Compound Statements) 69 The C++ Preprocessor 71 An Introduction to Namespaces 73 2.3 More About Output 74 Creating Blank Lines 74 Inserting Blanks Within a Line 75 2.4 Program Entry, Correction, and Execution 76 Entering a Program 76 Compiling and Running a Program 77 Finishing Up 78 Problem-Solving Case Study: Contest Letter 79 xiv | Contents DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xiv Testing and Debugging 83 Summary 84 Quick Check 85 Answers 87 Exam Preparation Exercises 88 Programming Warm-Up Exercises 90 Programming Problems 92 Case Study Follow-Up 94 3 Numeric Types, Expressions, and Output 95 3.1 Overview of C++ Data Types 96 3.2 Numeric Data Types 97 Integral Types 97 Floating-Point Types 98 3.3 Declarations for Numeric Types 99 Named Constant Declarations 99 Variable Declarations 100 3.4 Simple Arithmetic Expressions 101 Arithmetic Operators 101 Increment and Decrement Operators 104 3.5 Compound Arithmetic Expressions 105 Precedence Rules 105 Type Coercion and Type Casting 106 3.6 Function Calls and Library Functions 111 Value-Returning Functions 111 Library Functions 113 Void Functions 114 3.7 Formatting the Output 115 Integers and Strings 115 Floating-Point Numbers 118 3.8 Additional string Operations 122 The length and size Functions 122 The find Function 124 The substr Function 125 Problem-Solving Case Study: Painting Traffic Cones 128 Contents | xv DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xv Testing and Debugging 132 Summary 133 Quick Check 133 Answers 135 Exam Preparation Exercises 136 Programming Warm-Up Exercises 140 Programming Problems 143 Case Study Follow-Up 145 4 Program Input and the Software Design Process 147 4.1 Getting Data into Programs 148 Input Streams and the Extraction Operator (>>) 149 The Reading Marker and the Newline Character 152 Reading Character Data with the get Function 153 Skipping Characters with the ignore Function 156 Reading String Data 157 4.2 Interactive Input/Output 158 4.3 Noninteractive Input/Output 160 4.4 File Input and Output 161 Files 161 Using Files 162 An Example Program Using Files 165 Run-Time Input of File Names 167 4.5 Input Failure 168 4.6 Software Design Methodologies 170 4.7 What Are Objects? 171 4.8 Object-Oriented Design 173 4.9 Functional Decomposition 174 Modules 176 Implementing the Design 177 A Perspective on Design 181 Problem-Solving Case Study: Stretching a Canvas 183 Testing and Debugging 189 Testing and Debugging Hints 191 xvi | Contents DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xvi Summary 191 Quick Check 192 Answers 193 Exam Preparation Exercises 193 Programming Warm-Up Exercises 196 Programming Problems 198 Case Study Follow-Up 199 5 Conditions, Logical Expressions, and Selection Control Structures 201 5.1 Flow of Control 202 Selection 203 5.2 Conditions and Logical Expressions 204 The bool Data Type 204 Logical Expressions 205 Precedence of Operators 214 Relational Operators with Floating-Point Types 216 5.3 The If Statement 217 The If-Then-Else Form 217 Blocks (Compound Statements) 220 The If-Then Form 222 A Common Mistake 224 5.4 Nested If Statements 224 The Dangling else 228 5.5 Testing the State of an I/O Stream 229 Problem-Solving Case Study: Warning Notices 231 Testing and Debugging 236 Testing in the Problem-Solving Phase: The Algorithm Walk-Through 236 Testing in the Implementation Phase 239 The Test Plan 244 Tests Performed Automatically During Compilation and Execution 246 Testing and Debugging Hints 247 Contents | xvii DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xvii Summary 249 Quick Check 249 Answers 250 Exam Preparation Exercises 250 Programming Warm-Up Exercises 254 Programming Problems 256 Case Study Follow-Up 259 6 Looping 261 6.1 The While Statement 262 6.2 Phases of Loop Execution 264 6.3 Loops Using the While Statement 265 Count-Controlled Loops 265 Event-Controlled Loops 267 Looping Subtasks 273 6.4 How to Design Loops 276 Designing the Flow of Control 277 Designing the Process Within the Loop 278 The Loop Exit 279 6.5 Nested Logic 280 Designing Nested Loops 284

Problem-Solving Case Study: Average Income by Gender 291 Testing and Debugging 297 Loop-Testing Strategy 297 Test Plans Involving Loops 297 Testing and Debugging Hints 299 Summary 300 Quick Check 301 Answers 301 Exam Preparation Exercises 302 Programming Warm-Up Exercises 305 Programming Problems 305 Case Study Follow-Up 308 xviii | Contents DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xviii 7 Functions 309 7.1 Functional Decomposition with Void Functions 310 When to Use Functions 311 Writing Modules as Void Functions 311 7.2 An Overview of User-Defined Functions 316 Flow of Control in Function Calls 316 Function Parameters 316 7.3 Syntax and Semantics of Void Functions 319 Function Call (Invocation) 319 Function Declarations and Definitions 320 Local Variables 322 The Return Statement 324 Header Files 325 7.4 Parameters 326 Value Parameters 327 Reference Parameters 328 An Analogy 331 Matching Arguments with Parameters 332 7.5 Designing Functions 335 Writing Assertions as Program Comments 337 Documenting the Direction of Data Flow 339 Problem-Solving Case Study: Comparison of Furniture-Store Sales 343 Testing and Debugging 352 The assert Library Function 353 Testing and Debugging Hints 354 Summary 355 Quick Check 356 Answers 357 Exam Preparation Exercises 357 Programming Warm-Up Exercises 363 Programming Problems 365 Case Study Follow-Up 369 Contents | xix DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xix 8 Scope, Lifetime, and More on Functions 371 8.1 Scope of Identifiers 372 Scope Rules 374 Variable Declarations and Definitions 378 Namespaces 379 8.2 Lifetime of a Variable 382 Initializations in Declarations 382 8.3 Interface Design 384 Side Effects 384 Global Constants 387 8.4 Value-Returning Functions 389 Boolean Functions 394 Interface Design and Side Effects 398 When to Use Value-Returning Functions 399 Problem-Solving Case Study: Reformat Dates 401 Problem-Solving Case Study: Starship Weight and Balance 412 Testing and Debugging 423 Stubs and Drivers 423 Testing and Debugging Hints 425 Summary 426 Quick Check 427 Answers 428 Exam Preparation Exercises 428 Programming Warm-Up Exercises 432 Programming Problems 433 Case Study Follow-Up 435 9 Additional Control Structures 437 9.1 The Switch Statement 438 9.2 The Do-While Statement 443 9.3 The For Statement 446 9.4 The Break and Continue Statements 450 9.5 Guidelines for Choosing a Looping Statement 453 Problem-Solving Case Study: Monthly Rainfall Averages 454 xx | Contents DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xx Testing and Debugging 459 Testing and Debugging Hints 460 Summary 460 Quick Check 461 Answers 461 Exam Preparation Exercises 462 Programming Warm-Up Exercises 463 Programming Problems 465 Case Study Follow-Up 467

10 Simple Data Types: Built-In and User-Defined 469 10.1 Built-In Simple Types 470 Integral Types 472 Floating-Point Types 475 10.2 Additional C++ Operators 476 Assignment Operators and Assignment Expressions 478 Increment and Decrement Operators 479 Bitwise Operators 480 The Cast Operation 480 The sizeof Operator 481 The ?: Operator 481 Operator Precedence 482 10.3 Working with Character Data 484 Character Sets 485 C++ char Constants 487 Programming Techniques 488 10.4 More on Floating-Point Numbers 495 Representation of Floating-Point Numbers 495 Arithmetic with Floating-Point Numbers 498 Implementation of Floating-Point Numbers in the Computer 499 10.5 User-Defined Simple Types 505 The Typedef Statement 506 Enumeration Types 506 Named and Anonymous Data Types 513 User-Written Header Files 514 Contents | xxi DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xxi 10.6 More on Type Coercion 515 Type Coercion in Arithmetic and Relational Expressions 516 Type Coercion in Assignments, Argument Passing, and Return of a Function Value 517 Problem-Solving Case Study: Finding the Area Under a Curve 519 Problem-Solving Case Study: Rock, Paper, Scissors 527 Testing and Debugging 536 Floating-Point Data 536 Coping with Input Errors 536 Testing and Debugging Hints 537 Summary 539 Quick Check 539 Answers 540 Exam Preparation Exercises 540 Programming Warm-Up Exercises 543 Programming Problems 544 Case Study Follow-Up 545 11 Structured Types, Data Abstraction, and Classes 547 11.1 Simple Versus Structured Data Types 548 11.2 Records (C++ Structs) 549 Accessing Individual Components 551 Aggregate Operations on Structs 553 More About Struct Declarations 554 Hierarchical Records 555 11.3 Unions 557 11.4 Data Abstraction 559 11.5 Abstract Data Types 561 11.6 C++ Classes 564 Classes, Class Objects, and Class Members 568 Built-in Operations on Class Objects 569 Class Scope 571 Information Hiding 571 11.7 Specification and Implementation Files 573 The Specification File 573 xxii | Contents DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xxii The Implementation File 575 Compiling and Linking a Multifile Program 580 11.8 Guaranteed Initialization with Class Constructors 582 Invoking a Constructor 584 Revised Specification and Implementation Files for TimeType 585 Guidelines for Using Class Constructors 588 Problem-Solving Case Study: Manipulating Dates 590 Problem-Solving Case Study: Birthday Calls 602 Testing and Debugging 610 Testing and Debugging Hints 614 Summary 615 Quick Check 615 Answers 617

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Includes index.

Preface v
1 Overview of Programming and Problem Solving 1
1.1 Overview of Programming 2
What Is Programming? 2
How Do We Write a Program? 3
1.2 What Is a Programming Language? 9
1.3 What Is a Computer? 15
1.4 Ethics and Responsibilities in the Computing Profession 24
Software Piracy 24
Privacy of Data 25
Use of Computer Resources 26
Software Engineering 27
1.5 Problem-Solving Techniques 27
Ask Questions 28
Look for Things That Are Familiar 28
Solve by Analogy 28
Means-Ends Analysis 29
Divide and Conquer 30
DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xiii
The Building-Block Approach 30
Merging Solutions 31
Mental Blocks: The Fear of Starting 32
Algorithmic Problem Solving 33
Problem-Solving Case Study: An Algorithm for an Employee
Paycheck 33
Summary 37
Quick Check 38
Answers 39
Exam Preparation Exercises 39
Programming Warm-Up Exercises 41
Case Study Follow-Up 41
2 C++ Syntax and Semantics, and the Program Development
Process 43
2.1 The Elements of C++ Programs 44
C++ Program Structure 44
Syntax and Semantics 46
Syntax Templates 49
Naming Program Elements: Identifiers 52
Data and Data Types 53
Naming Elements: Declarations 56
Taking Action: Executable Statements 61
Beyond Minimalism: Adding Comments to a Program 66
2.2 Program Construction 67
Blocks (Compound Statements) 69
The C++ Preprocessor 71
An Introduction to Namespaces 73
2.3 More About Output 74
Creating Blank Lines 74
Inserting Blanks Within a Line 75
2.4 Program Entry, Correction, and Execution 76
Entering a Program 76
Compiling and Running a Program 77
Finishing Up 78
Problem-Solving Case Study: Contest Letter 79
xiv | Contents
DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xiv
Testing and Debugging 83
Summary 84
Quick Check 85
Answers 87
Exam Preparation Exercises 88
Programming Warm-Up Exercises 90
Programming Problems 92
Case Study Follow-Up 94
3 Numeric Types, Expressions, and Output 95
3.1 Overview of C++ Data Types 96
3.2 Numeric Data Types 97
Integral Types 97
Floating-Point Types 98
3.3 Declarations for Numeric Types 99
Named Constant Declarations 99
Variable Declarations 100
3.4 Simple Arithmetic Expressions 101
Arithmetic Operators 101
Increment and Decrement Operators 104
3.5 Compound Arithmetic Expressions 105
Precedence Rules 105
Type Coercion and Type Casting 106
3.6 Function Calls and Library Functions 111
Value-Returning Functions 111
Library Functions 113
Void Functions 114
3.7 Formatting the Output 115
Integers and Strings 115
Floating-Point Numbers 118
3.8 Additional string Operations 122
The length and size Functions 122
The find Function 124
The substr Function 125
Problem-Solving Case Study: Painting Traffic Cones 128
Contents | xv
DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xv
Testing and Debugging 132
Summary 133
Quick Check 133
Answers 135
Exam Preparation Exercises 136
Programming Warm-Up Exercises 140
Programming Problems 143
Case Study Follow-Up 145
4 Program Input and the Software Design Process 147
4.1 Getting Data into Programs 148
Input Streams and the Extraction Operator (>>) 149
The Reading Marker and the Newline Character 152
Reading Character Data with the get Function 153
Skipping Characters with the ignore Function 156
Reading String Data 157
4.2 Interactive Input/Output 158
4.3 Noninteractive Input/Output 160
4.4 File Input and Output 161
Files 161
Using Files 162
An Example Program Using Files 165
Run-Time Input of File Names 167
4.5 Input Failure 168
4.6 Software Design Methodologies 170
4.7 What Are Objects? 171
4.8 Object-Oriented Design 173
4.9 Functional Decomposition 174
Modules 176
Implementing the Design 177
A Perspective on Design 181
Problem-Solving Case Study: Stretching a Canvas 183
Testing and Debugging 189
Testing and Debugging Hints 191
xvi | Contents
DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xvi
Summary 191
Quick Check 192
Answers 193
Exam Preparation Exercises 193
Programming Warm-Up Exercises 196
Programming Problems 198
Case Study Follow-Up 199
5 Conditions, Logical Expressions, and Selection
Control Structures 201
5.1 Flow of Control 202
Selection 203
5.2 Conditions and Logical Expressions 204
The bool Data Type 204
Logical Expressions 205
Precedence of Operators 214
Relational Operators with Floating-Point Types 216
5.3 The If Statement 217
The If-Then-Else Form 217
Blocks (Compound Statements) 220
The If-Then Form 222
A Common Mistake 224
5.4 Nested If Statements 224
The Dangling else 228
5.5 Testing the State of an I/O Stream 229
Problem-Solving Case Study: Warning Notices 231
Testing and Debugging 236
Testing in the Problem-Solving Phase: The Algorithm
Walk-Through 236
Testing in the Implementation Phase 239
The Test Plan 244
Tests Performed Automatically During Compilation and Execution
246
Testing and Debugging Hints 247
Contents | xvii
DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xvii
Summary 249
Quick Check 249
Answers 250
Exam Preparation Exercises 250
Programming Warm-Up Exercises 254
Programming Problems 256
Case Study Follow-Up 259
6 Looping 261
6.1 The While Statement 262
6.2 Phases of Loop Execution 264
6.3 Loops Using the While Statement 265
Count-Controlled Loops 265
Event-Controlled Loops 267
Looping Subtasks 273
6.4 How to Design Loops 276
Designing the Flow of Control 277
Designing the Process Within the Loop 278
The Loop Exit 279
6.5 Nested Logic 280
Designing Nested Loops 284

Problem-Solving Case Study: Average Income by Gender 291
Testing and Debugging 297
Loop-Testing Strategy 297
Test Plans Involving Loops 297
Testing and Debugging Hints 299
Summary 300
Quick Check 301
Answers 301
Exam Preparation Exercises 302
Programming Warm-Up Exercises 305
Programming Problems 305
Case Study Follow-Up 308
xviii | Contents
DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xviii
7 Functions 309
7.1 Functional Decomposition with Void Functions 310
When to Use Functions 311
Writing Modules as Void Functions 311
7.2 An Overview of User-Defined Functions 316
Flow of Control in Function Calls 316
Function Parameters 316
7.3 Syntax and Semantics of Void Functions 319
Function Call (Invocation) 319
Function Declarations and Definitions 320
Local Variables 322
The Return Statement 324
Header Files 325
7.4 Parameters 326
Value Parameters 327
Reference Parameters 328
An Analogy 331
Matching Arguments with Parameters 332
7.5 Designing Functions 335
Writing Assertions as Program Comments 337
Documenting the Direction of Data Flow 339
Problem-Solving Case Study: Comparison of
Furniture-Store Sales 343
Testing and Debugging 352
The assert Library Function 353
Testing and Debugging Hints 354
Summary 355
Quick Check 356
Answers 357
Exam Preparation Exercises 357
Programming Warm-Up Exercises 363
Programming Problems 365
Case Study Follow-Up 369
Contents | xix
DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xix
8 Scope, Lifetime, and More on Functions 371
8.1 Scope of Identifiers 372
Scope Rules 374
Variable Declarations and Definitions 378
Namespaces 379
8.2 Lifetime of a Variable 382
Initializations in Declarations 382
8.3 Interface Design 384
Side Effects 384
Global Constants 387
8.4 Value-Returning Functions 389
Boolean Functions 394
Interface Design and Side Effects 398
When to Use Value-Returning Functions 399
Problem-Solving Case Study: Reformat Dates 401
Problem-Solving Case Study: Starship Weight
and Balance 412
Testing and Debugging 423
Stubs and Drivers 423
Testing and Debugging Hints 425
Summary 426
Quick Check 427
Answers 428
Exam Preparation Exercises 428
Programming Warm-Up Exercises 432
Programming Problems 433
Case Study Follow-Up 435
9 Additional Control Structures 437
9.1 The Switch Statement 438
9.2 The Do-While Statement 443
9.3 The For Statement 446
9.4 The Break and Continue Statements 450
9.5 Guidelines for Choosing a Looping Statement 453
Problem-Solving Case Study: Monthly Rainfall Averages 454
xx | Contents
DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xx
Testing and Debugging 459
Testing and Debugging Hints 460
Summary 460
Quick Check 461
Answers 461
Exam Preparation Exercises 462
Programming Warm-Up Exercises 463
Programming Problems 465
Case Study Follow-Up 467

10 Simple Data Types: Built-In and User-Defined 469
10.1 Built-In Simple Types 470
Integral Types 472
Floating-Point Types 475
10.2 Additional C++ Operators 476
Assignment Operators and Assignment Expressions 478
Increment and Decrement Operators 479
Bitwise Operators 480
The Cast Operation 480
The sizeof Operator 481
The ?: Operator 481
Operator Precedence 482
10.3 Working with Character Data 484
Character Sets 485
C++ char Constants 487
Programming Techniques 488
10.4 More on Floating-Point Numbers 495
Representation of Floating-Point Numbers 495
Arithmetic with Floating-Point Numbers 498
Implementation of Floating-Point Numbers in the Computer 499
10.5 User-Defined Simple Types 505
The Typedef Statement 506
Enumeration Types 506
Named and Anonymous Data Types 513
User-Written Header Files 514
Contents | xxi
DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xxi
10.6 More on Type Coercion 515
Type Coercion in Arithmetic and Relational Expressions 516
Type Coercion in Assignments, Argument Passing, and Return of a
Function Value 517
Problem-Solving Case Study: Finding the Area Under
a Curve 519
Problem-Solving Case Study: Rock, Paper, Scissors 527
Testing and Debugging 536
Floating-Point Data 536
Coping with Input Errors 536
Testing and Debugging Hints 537
Summary 539
Quick Check 539
Answers 540
Exam Preparation Exercises 540
Programming Warm-Up Exercises 543
Programming Problems 544
Case Study Follow-Up 545
11 Structured Types, Data Abstraction, and Classes 547
11.1 Simple Versus Structured Data Types 548
11.2 Records (C++ Structs) 549
Accessing Individual Components 551
Aggregate Operations on Structs 553
More About Struct Declarations 554
Hierarchical Records 555
11.3 Unions 557
11.4 Data Abstraction 559
11.5 Abstract Data Types 561
11.6 C++ Classes 564
Classes, Class Objects, and Class Members 568
Built-in Operations on Class Objects 569
Class Scope 571
Information Hiding 571
11.7 Specification and Implementation Files 573
The Specification File 573
xxii | Contents
DalePhatToc 11/4/01 2:34 PM Page xxii
The Implementation File 575
Compiling and Linking a Multifile Program 580
11.8 Guaranteed Initialization with Class Constructors 582
Invoking a Constructor 584
Revised Specification and Implementation Files
for TimeType 585
Guidelines for Using Class Constructors 588
Problem-Solving Case Study: Manipulating Dates 590
Problem-Solving Case Study: Birthday Calls 602
Testing and Debugging 610
Testing and Debugging Hints 614
Summary 615
Quick Check 615
Answers 617

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