Physical metallurgy / William F. Hosford.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Introduction -- Metallic elements -- Price and abundance -- Miscellany -- Problems -- 2. Freezing -- Introduction -- Liquid metals -- Nucleation -- Growth -- Ingot structure -- Segregation during freezing -- Zone refining -- Steady state -- Dendritic growth -- Length and spacing of dendrite arms -- Consequences of dendritic growth -- Gas solubility and gas porosity -- Growth of single crystals -- Eutectic solidification -- Peritectic freezing -- Metal glasses -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 3. Diffusion -- Solutions to Fick's 2nd law -- Mechanisms of diffusion -- Kirkendall effect -- Special diffusion paths -- Darken's equation -- Diffusion in systems with more than one phase -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 4. Surfaces -- Direct measurements of surface energy -- Measurements of relative surface energies -- Wetting angles -- Relation of surface energy to bonding -- Anisotropy of surface energy -- Segregation to surfaces -- Appendix -- Data on various systems -- Note -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 5. Solid solutions -- Types of solid solutions -- Electron-to-atom ratio -- Entropy of mixing -- Enthalpy of mixing -- Free energy change on mixing -- Solubility in dilute solutions -- Equilibrium vacancy and interstitial concentrations -- Ordered vs. random solid solutions -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 6. Intermediate phases -- Hume-Rothery or electron phases -- Covalent compounds -- Ionic compounds -- Interstitial compounds -- Laves compounds -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 7. Phase diagrams -- Review of binary phase diagrams -- Invariant reactions -- Lever Law -- The Gibb's phase rule -- Equalities -- Variables -- Degrees of freedom -- Ternary phase diagrams -- Two-phase regions -- Three-phase regions -- Vertical sections -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 8. Dislocation geometry and energy -- The nature of dislocations -- Energy of a screw dislocation -- Burgers vector notation -- Reactions between parallel dislocations and Frank's rule -- Stress fields around dislocations -- Forces on dislocations -- Partial dislocations in fcc crystals -- Stacking faults -- Cross slip -- Miscellany -- Postulation of dislocations -- Discovery of the strength of whiskers -- References -- Problems -- 9. Annealing -- General -- Recovery -- Recrystallization -- Avrami kinetics -- Analysis of grain shape -- Grain growth -- Limiting grain size -- Summary of grain growth -- Summary for the chapter -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 10. Phase transformations -- Classification of solid-state phase changes -- Martensitic transformations -- Spinodal decomposition -- Nucleation -- Growth -- Overall kinetics -- Precipitation from supersaturated solid solution -- Precipitation kinetics -- Hardening mechanism -- Ostwald ripening -- Practical age-hardening treatments -- Additional comments -- Aluminum-copper alloys -- Habits -- Additional comments -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 11. Aluminum and its alloys -- Uses -- Alloys -- Wrought alloys -- Casting alloys -- Powder-processing -- Corrosion resistance -- Aluminum-lithium alloys -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 12. Copper and nickel alloys -- Commercially pure copper -- Copper-zinc alloys -- Bronzes -- Lead additions -- Copper-nickel alloys -- Beryllium copper -- Corrosion -- Nickel-base alloys -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 13. Hexagonal close-packed metals -- General -- Zinc -- Magnesium -- Titanium -- Solid-solution strengthening -- Texture strengthening -- Heat treatment -- Uses -- Zirconium -- Beryllium -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 14. Other nonferrous alloys -- Lead -- Tin -- Gold -- Silver -- Cobalt -- Platinum metals -- Group VA and VIA metals -- Tungsten -- Molybdenum -- Tantalum and niobium -- Rhenium -- Alloys with special physical properties -- Metals and alloys with low melting points -- Miscellaneous metals -- Miscellany -- Problems -- 15. Steels -- Microstructures of carbon steels -- Kinetics of pearlite formation -- Alloying elements in steel -- Isothermal transformation diagrams -- Continuous cooling diagrams -- Martensite -- Special Heat treatments -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 16. Hardening of steels -- Hardenability : Jominey end-quench test -- Ideal diameter calculations -- Boron -- Martensite and retained austenite -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 17. Tempering and surface hardening -- Tempering -- Secondary hardening -- Temper embrittlement -- Carburizing -- Nitriding -- Carbo-nitriding -- Case hardening without composition change -- Furnace atmospheres -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 18. Low-carbon sheet steels -- Sheet steels -- Formability -- Surface finish -- Strain hardening -- Strain-rate sensitivity -- Anisotropy -- Freedom from strain aging -- Yield strength -- Special grades -- Coatings -- Galvanized grades -- Terne plate -- Tin plate -- Phosphate coatings -- Special concerns -- Inclusion shape control -- Hot shortness -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 19. Special steels -- Stainless steels -- Ferritic stainless steels -- Martensitic stainless steels -- Austenitic stainless steels -- Duplex stainless steels -- Precipitation hardening stainless steels -- Sensitization -- Oxidation resistance -- Hadfield austenitic manganese steel -- Maraging steels -- TrIP steels -- Tool steels -- Silicon steels -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 20. Cast irons -- General -- White irons -- Gray irons -- Ductile cast irons -- Malleable cast iron -- Matrices -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 21. Welding, brazing, and soldering -- Welding without melting -- Resistance welding -- Arc welding -- Heat distribution -- Torch welding -- Metallurgy of welding -- Residual stresses and distortion -- Braze welding of cast iron -- Brazing and soldering -- Joint design -- Hard facing -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 22. Powder processing -- Powders -- Powder pressing -- Sintering -- Sintering, later stage -- Liquid phase sintering -- Activated sintering -- Hot pressing -- Strength and ductility -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 23. Corrosion -- Corrosion cells -- Current density -- Polarization -- Passivation -- Corrosion control -- Rust -- Direct oxidation -- Hydrogen embrittlement -- Steels -- Hydride formation -- Copper -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- 24. Magnetic materials -- General -- Magnetostatic energy -- Magnetocrystalline energy -- Magnetostriction -- Physical units -- The B-H curve -- Curie temperature -- Bloch walls -- Soft vs. hard magnetic materials -- Soft magnetic materials -- Hard magnetic materials -- Summary -- Miscellany -- References -- Problems -- Appendix 1. Microstructural analysis -- ASTM grain size number -- Linear intercept grain size -- Relation of grain boundary area per volume to linear intercept -- Relation of the number of intersections per area and length of line per volume -- Dihedral angles -- Microstructural relationships -- Two-dimensional relationships -- Three-dimensional features -- References -- Problems -- Appendix 2. Stereographic representation of orientations -- The stereographic projection -- Locating the [hkℓ] pole in the standard stereographic projection of a cubic crystal -- Problems -- Appendix 3. Miller-Bravais system of indices for hexagonal crystals -- Planar indices -- Direction indices -- Problem -- Index.

For students ready to advance in their study of metals, Physical Metallurgy combines theoretical concepts, real alloy systems, processing procedures, and examples of real-world applications. The author uses his experience in teaching physical metallurgy at the University of Michigan to convey this topic with greater depth and detail than most introductory materials courses offer.
The book follows its introduction of metals with topics that are common to all metals, including solidification, diffusion, surfaces, solid solutions, intermediate phases, dislocations, annealing, and phase transformations. Other chapters focus on specific nonferrous alloy systems and their significant metallurgical properties and applications, the treatment of steels includes separate chapters on iron-carbon alloys, hardening, tempering and surface treatment, special steels and low carbon sheet steel, followed by a separate chapter on cast irons. Concluding chapters treat powder metallurgy, corrosion, welding and magnetic alloys. There are appendices on microstructural analysis, stereographic projection, and the Miller-Bravais system for hexagonal crystals. These chapters cover ternary phase diagrams, diffusion in multiphase systems, the thermodynamic basis for phase diagrams, stacking faults and hydrogen embrittlement.

Physical Metallurgy uses engaging historical and contemporary examples that relate to the applications of concepts in each chapter. With ample references and sample problems throughout, this text is a superb tool for any advanced materials science course.