Computer security : principles and practice / William Stallings, Lawrie Brown ; with contributions by Mick Bauer, Michael Howard.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 756-773) and index.

Chapter 0 Reader’s and Instructor’s Guide 1
0.1 Outline of This Book 2
0.2 A Roadmap for Readers and Instructors 2
0.3 Support for CISSP Certification 3
0.4 Internet and Web Resources 5
0.5 Standards 7
Chapter 1 Overview 9
1.1 Computer Security Concepts 10
1.2 Threats, Attacks, and Assets 18
1.3 Security Functional Requirements 23
1.4 A Security Architecture for Open Systems 26
1.5 Computer Security Trends 31
1.6 Computer Security Strategy 33
1.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 35
1.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 36
PART ONE: COMPUTER SECURITY TECHNOLOGY AND PRINCIPLES 38
Chapter 2 Cryptographic Tools 38
2.1 Confidentiality with Symmetric Encryption 39
2.2 Message Authentication and Hash Functions 46
2.3 Public-Key Encryption 54
2.4 Digital Signatures and Key Management 59
2.5 Random and Pseudorandom Numbers 62
2.6 Practical Application: Encryption of Stored Data 64
2.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 66
2.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 67
Chapter 3 User Authentication 71
3.1 Means of Authentication 73
3.2 Password-Based Authentication 73
3.3 Token-Based Authentication 84

3.4 Biometric Authentication 88
3.5 Remote User Authentication 93
3.6 Security Issues for User Authentication 95
3.7 Practical Application: An Iris Biometric System 97
3.8 Case Study: Security Problems for ATM Systems 99
3.9 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 101
3.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 103
Chapter 4 Access Control 105
4.1 Access Control Principles 106
4.2 Subjects, Objects, and Access Rights 110
4.3 Discretionary Access Control 111
4.4 Example: UNIX File Access Control 118
4.5 Role-Based Access Control 121
4.6 Case Study: RBAC System for a Bank 129
4.7 Recommended Reading and Web Site 132
4.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 133
Chapter 5 Database Security 137
5.1 The Need for Database Security 138
5.2 Database Management Systems 139
5.3 Relational Databases 141
5.4 Database Access Control 144
5.5 Inference 149
5.6 Statistical Databases 152
5.7 Database Encryption 162
5.8 Cloud Security 166
5.9 Recommended Reading and Web Site 172
5.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 173
Chapter 6 Malicious Software 178
6.1 Types of Malicious Software (Malware) 179

6.2 Propagation–Infected Content–Viruses 182
6.3 Propagation–Vulnerability Exploit–Worms 188
6.4 Propagation–Social Engineering–SPAM E-mail, Trojans 195
6.5 Payload–System Corruption 197
6.6 Payload–Attack Agent–Zombie, Bots 199
6.7 Payload–Information Theft–Keyloggers, Phishing, Spyware 201
6.8 Payload–Stealthing–Backdoors, Rootkits 202
6.9 Countermeasures 206
6.10 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 215
6.11 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 216
Chapter 7 Denial-of-Service Attacks 220
7.1 Denial-of-Service Attacks 221
7.2 Flooding Attacks 228
7.3 Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks 230
7.4 Application-Based Bandwidth Attacks 232
7.5 Reflector and Amplifier Attacks 234
7.6 Defenses Against Denial-of-Service Attacks 239
7.7 Responding to a Denial-of-Service Attack 243
7.8 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 244
7.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 245
Chapter 8 Intrusion Detection 248
8.1 Intruders 249
8.2 Intrusion Detection 253
8.3 Host-Based Intrusion Detection 256
8.4 Distributed Host-Based Intrusion Detection 263
8.5 Network-Based Intrusion Detection 265
8.6 Distributed Adaptive Intrusion Detection 270
8.7 Intrusion Detection Exchange Format 273
8.8 Honeypots 275

8.9 Example System: Snort 277
8.10 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 281
8.11 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 282
Chapter 9 Firewalls and Intrusion Prevention Systems 285
9.1 The Need for Firewalls 286
9.2 Firewall Characteristics 287
9.3 Types of Firewalls 288
9.4 Firewall Basing 296
9.5 Firewall Location and Configurations 298
9.6 Intrusion Prevention Systems 303
9.7 Example: Unified Threat Management Products 306
9.8 Recommended Reading and Web Site 310
9.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 311
PART TWO: SOFTWARE SECURITY AND TRUSTED SYSTEMS 316
Chapter 10 Buffer Overflow 316
10.1 Stack Overflows 318
10.2 Defending Against Buffer Overflows 339
10.3 Other Forms of Overflow Attacks 345
10.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 352
10.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 353
Chapter 11 Software Security 355
11.1 Software Security Issues 356
11.2 Handling Program Input 360
11.3 Writing Safe Program Code 371
11.4 Interacting with the Operating System and Other Programs 376
11.5 Handling Program Output 389
11.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 391
11.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 392
Chapter 12 Operating System Security 396

12.1 Introduction to Operating System Security 398
12.2 System Security Planning 399
12.3 Operating Systems Hardening 399
12.4 Application Security 404
12.5 Security Maintenance 405
12.6 Linux/Unix Security 406
12.7 Windows Security 410
12.8 Virtualization Security 412
12.9 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 416
12.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 417
Chapter 13 Trusted Computing and Multilevel Security 420
13.1 The Bell-LaPadula Model for Computer Security 421
13.2 Other Formal Models for Computer Security 431
13.3 The Concept of Trusted Systems 437
13.4 Application of Multilevel Security 440
13.5 Trusted Computing and the Trusted Platform Module 447
13.6 Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation 451
13.7 Assurance and Evaluation 457
13.8 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 462
13.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 463
PART THREE: MANAGEMENT ISSUES 466
Chapter 14 IT Security Management and Risk Assessment 466
14.1 IT Security Management 467
14.2 Organizational Context and Security Policy 470
14.3 Security Risk Assessment 473
14.4 Detailed Security Risk Analysis 476
14.5 Case Study: Silver Star Mines 488
14.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 493
14.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 494

Chapter 15 IT Security Controls, Plans, and Procedures 497
15.1 IT Security Management Implementation 498
15.2 Security Controls or Safeguards 498
15.3 IT Security Plan 506
15.4 Implementation of Controls 507
15.5 Implementation Follow-up 508
15.6 Case Study: Silver Star Mines 511
15.7 Recommended Reading 514
15.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 514
Chapter 16 Physical and Infrastructure Security 516
16.1 Overview 517
16.2 Physical Security Threats 518
16.3 Physical Security Prevention and Mitigation Measures 525
16.4 Recovery from Physical Security Breaches 528
16.5 Example: A Corporate Physical Security Policy 529
16.6 Integration of Physical and Logical Security 529
16.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 536
16.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 537
Chapter 17 Human Resources Security 539
17.1 Security Awareness, Training, and Education 540
17.2 Employment Practices and Policies 546
17.3 E-Mail and Internet Use Policies 549
17.4 Computer Security Incident Response Teams 550
17.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 557
17.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 558
Chapter 18 Security Auditing 560
18.1 Security Auditing Architecture 562
18.2 The Security Audit Trail 567
18.3 Implementing the Logging Function 571

18.4 Audit Trail Analysis 583
18.5 Example: An Integrated Approach 587Chapter 19 Legal and Ethical Aspects 593
19.1 Cybercrime and Computer Crime 594
19.2 Intellectual Property 598
19.3 Privacy 605
19.4 Ethical Issues 611
19.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 618
19.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 620
PART FOUR CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS 623
Chapter 20 Symmetric Encryption and Message Confidentiality 623
20.1 Symmetric Encryption Principles 624
20.2 Data Encryption Standard 629
20.3 Advanced Encryption Standard 631
20.4 Stream Ciphers and RC4 637
20.5 Cipher Block Modes of Operation 640
20.6 Location of Symmetric Encryption Devices 646
20.7 Key Distribution 648
20.8 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 650
20.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 650
Chapter 21 Public-Key Cryptography and Message Authentication 655
21.1 Secure Hash Functions 656
21.2 HMAC 662
21.3 The RSA Public-Key Encryption Algorithm 665
21.4 Diffie-Hellman and Other Asymmetric Algorithms 671
21.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 676
21.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 676
PART FIVE NETWORK SECURITY 680
Chapter 22 Internet Security Protocols and Standards 680
22.1 Secure E-mail and S/MIME 681

22.2 DomainKeys Identified Mail 684
22.3 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) 688
22.4 HTTPS 692
22.5 IPv4 and IPv6 Security 699
22.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 699
22.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 700
Chapter 23 Internet Authentication Applications 703
23.1 Kerberos 704
23.2 X.509 710
23.3 Public-Key Infrastructure 713
23.4 Federated Identity Management 715
23.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 719
23.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 720
Chapter 24 Wireless Network Security 722
24.1 Wireless Security Overview 723
24.2 IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Overview 726
24.3 IEEE 802.11i Wireless LAN Security 732
24.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites 746
24.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 747
APPENDICES
Appendix A Projects and Other Student Exercises for Teaching Computer Security 750
A.1 Hacking Project 751
A.2 Laboratory Exercises 752
A.3 Research Projects 752
A.4 Programming Projects 753
A.5 Practical Security Assessments 753
A.6 Firewall Projects 754
A.7 Case Studies 754
A.8 Writing Assignments 754

A.9 Reading/Report Assignments 755
References 756
Index 774
Credits 787

ONLINE CHAPTERS AND APPENDICES (Online chapters, appendices, and other documents are Premium Content, available via the access card at the front of the book.)
Chapter 25 Linux Security
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Linux’s Security Model
25.3 The Linux DAC in Depth: Filesystem Security
25.4 Linux Vulnerabilities
25.5 Linux System Hardening
25.6 Application Security
25.7 Mandatory Access Controls
25.8 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
25.9 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
Chapter 26 Windows and Windows Vista Security
26.1 Windows Security Architecture
26.2 Windows Vulnerabilities
26.3 Windows Security Defenses
26.4 Browser Defenses
26.5 Cryptographic Services
26.6 Common Criteria
26.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
26.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, Problems, and Projects
Appendix B Some Aspects of Number Theory
B.1 Prime and Relatively Prime Numbers
B.2 Modular Arithmetic

B.3 Fermat’s and Euler’s Theorems
Appendix C Standards and Standard-Setting Organizations
C.1 The Importance of Standards
C.2 Internet Standards and the Internet Society
C.3 National Institute of Standards and Technology
C.4 The International Telecommunication Union
C.5 The International Organization for Standardization
C.6 Significant Security Standards and Documents
Appendix D Random and Pseudorandom Number Generation
D.1 The Use of Random Numbers
D.2 Pseudorandom Number Generators (PRNGs)
D.3 True Random Number Generators
D.4 References
Appendix E Message Authentication Codes Based on Block Ciphers
E.1 Cipher-Based Message Authentication Code (CMAC)
E.2 Counter with Cipher Block Chaining-Message Authentication Code
Appendix F TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
F.1 TCP/IP Layers
F.2 TCP and UDP
F.3 Operation of TCP/IP
F.4 TCP/IP Applications
Appendix G Radix-64 Conversion
Appendix H Security Policy-Related Documents
H.1 A Company’s Physical and Environmental Security Policy
H.2 Security Policy Standard of Good Practice
H.3 Security Awareness Standard of Good Practice
H.4 Information Privacy Standard of Good Practice
H.5 Incident Handling Standard of Good Practice Appendix
I The Domain Name System