TY - BOOK AU - Averill,Bruce AU - Eldredge,Patricia TI - Chemistry: principles, patterns, and applications SN - 0805338039 AV - QD31.2 .A94 2007 U1 - 540 22 PY - 2007///] CY - San Francisco PB - Benjamin Cummings KW - Chemistry KW - Textbooks KW - Chemistry, Physical and theoretical KW - Environmental chemistry KW - Chemistry, Technical N1 - Includes index; Part I. Fundamental Concepts -- 1. Introduction to Chemistry -- 1.1. Chemistry in the Modern World -- 1.2. The Scientific Method -- 1.3. A Description of Matter -- 1.4. A Brief History of Chemistry -- 1.5. The Atom -- 1.6. Isotopes and Atomic Masses -- 1.7. Introduction to the Periodic Table -- 1.8. Essential Elements -- 2. Molecules, Ions, and Chemical Formulas -- 2.1. Chemical Compounds -- 2.2. Chemical Formulas -- 2.3. Naming Ionic Compounds -- 2.4. Naming Covalent Compounds -- 2.5. Acids and Bases -- 2.6. Industrially Important Chemicals -- 3. Chemical Reactions -- 3.1. The Mole and Molar Masses -- 3.2. Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas -- 3.3. Chemical Equations -- 3.4. Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations -- 3.5. Classifying Chemical Reactions -- 3.6. Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere -- 4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution -- 4.1. Aqueous Solutions -- 4.2. Solution Concentrations -- 4.3. Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solution -- 4.4. Ionic Equations -- 4.5. Precipitation Reactions -- 4.6. Acid-Base Reactions -- 4.7. The Chemistry of Acid Rain -- 4.8. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Solution -- 4.9. Quantitative Analysis Using Titrations -- 5. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions -- 5.1. Energy and Work -- 5.2. Enthalpy -- 5.3. Calorimetry -- 5.4. Thermochemistry and Nutrition -- 5.5. Energy Sources and the Environment -- Part II. Atomic and Molecular Structure -- 6. The Structure of Atoms -- 6.1. Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation -- 6.2. The Quantization of Energy -- 6.3. Atomic Spectra and Models of the Atom -- 6.4. The Relationship Between Energy and Mass -- 6.5. Atomic Orbitals and Their Energies -- 6.6. Building Up the Periodic Table -- 7. The Periodic Table and Periodic Trends -- 7.1. The History of the Periodic Table -- 7.2. Sizes of Atoms and Ions -- 7.3. Energetics of Ion Formation -- 7.4. The Chemical Families -- 7.5. Trace Elements in Biological Systems -- 8. Structure and Bonding I : Ionic Versus Covalent Bonding -- 8.1. An Overview of Chemical Bonding -- 8.2. Ionic Bonding -- 8.3. Lattice Energies in Ionic Solids -- 8.4. Introduction to Lewis Electron Structures -- 8.5. Lewis Structures and Covalent Bonding -- 8.6. Exceptions to the Octet Rule -- 8.7. Lewis Acids and Bases -- 8.8. Properties of Covalent Bonds -- 8.9. Polar Covalent Bonds -- 9. Structure and Bonding II : Molecular Geometry and Models of Covalent Bonding -- 9.1. Predicting the Geometry of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions -- 9.2. Localized Bonding and Hybrid Atomic Orbitals -- 9.3. Delocalized Bonding and Molecular Orbitals -- 9.4. Combining the Valence Bond and Molecular Orbital Approaches -- Part III. The States of Matter -- 10. Gases -- 10.1. Gaseous Elements and Compounds -- 10.2. Gas Pressure -- 10.3. Relationships Between Pressure, Temperature, Amount, and Volume -- 10.4. The Ideal Gas Law -- 10.5. Mixtures of Gases -- 10.6. Gas Volumes and Stoichiometry -- 10.7. The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases -- 10.8. The Behavior of Real Gases -- 11. Liquids -- 11.1. The Kinetic Molecular Description of Liquids -- 11.2. Intermolecular Forces -- 11.3. Unique Properties of Liquids -- 11.4. Vapor Pressure -- 11.5. Changes of State -- 11.6. Critical Temperature and Pressure -- 11.7. Phase Diagrams -- 11.8. Liquid Crystals -- 12. Solids -- 12.1. Crystalline and Amorphous Solids -- 12.2. The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystalline Solids -- 12.3. Structures of Simple Binary Compounds -- 12.4. Defects in Crystals -- 12.5. Correlation Between Bonding and the Properties of Solids -- 12.6. Bonding in Metals and Semiconductors -- 12.7. Superconductors -- 12.8. Polymeric Solids -- 12.9. Contemporary Materials -- 13. Solutions -- 13.1. Factors Affecting Solution Formation -- 13.2. Solubility and Molecular Structure -- 13.3. Units of Concentration -- 13.4. Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility -- 13.5. Colligative Properties of Solutions -- 13.6. Aggregate Particles in Aqueous Solution -- Part IV. Kinetics and Equilibria -- 14. Chemical Kinetics -- 14.1. Factors That Affect Reaction Rates -- 14.2. Reaction Rates and Rate Laws -- 14.3. Methods of Determining Reaction Orders -- 14.4. Using Graphs to Determine Rate Laws, Rate Constants, and Reaction Orders -- 14.5. Half-Lives and Radioactive Decay Kinetics -- 14.6. Reaction Rates-A Microscopic View -- 14.7. The Collision Model of Chemical Kinetics -- 14.8. Catalysis -- 15. Chemical Equilibrium -- 15.1. The Concept of Chemical Equilibrium -- 15.2. The Equilibrium Constant -- 15.3. Solving Equilibrium Problems -- 15.4. Nonequilibrium Conditions -- 15.5. Factors That Affect Equilibrium -- 15.6. Controlling the Products of Reactions -- 16. Aqueous Acid-Base Equilibria -- 16.1. The Autoionization of Water -- 16.2. A Qualitative Description of Acid-Base Equilibria -- 16.3. Molecular Structure and Acid-Base Strength -- 16.4. Quantitative Aspects of Acid-Base Equilibria -- 16.5. Acid-Base Titrations -- 16.6. Buffers -- 17. Solubility and Complexation Equilibria -- 17.1. Determining the Solubility of Ionic Compounds -- 17.2. Factors That Affect Solubility -- 17.3. Complex-Ion Formation -- 17.4. Solubility and pH -- 17.5. Qualitative Analysis Using Selective Precipitation -- 18. Chemical Thermodynamics -- 18.1. Thermodynamics and Work -- 18.2. The First Law of Thermodynamics -- 18.3. The Second Law of Thermodynamics -- 18.4. Entropy Changes and the Third Law of Thermodynamics -- 18.5. Free Energy -- 18.6. Spontaneity and Equilibrium -- 18.7. Comparing Thermodynamics and Kinetics -- 18.8. Thermodynamics and Life -- 19. Electrochemistry -- 19.1. Describing Electrochemical Cells -- 19.2. Standard Potentials -- 19.3. Comparing Strengths of Oxidants and Reductants -- 19.4. Electrochemical Cells and Thermodynamics -- 19.5. Commercial Galvanic Cells -- 19.6. Corrosion -- 19.7. Electrolysis -- 20. Nuclear Chemistry -- 20.1. The Components of the Nucleus -- 20.2. Nuclear Reactions -- 20.3. The Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with Matter -- 20.4. Thermodynamic Stability of the Atomic Nucleus -- 20.5. Applied Nuclear Chemistry -- 20.6. The Origin of the Elements -- Part V. Chemistry of the Elements -- 21. Periodic Trends and the s-Block Elements -- 21.1. Overview of Periodic Trends -- 21.2. The Chemistry of Hydrogen -- 21.3. The Alkali Metals (Group 1) -- 21.4. The Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2) -- 21.5. The s-Block Elements in Biology -- 22. The p-Block Elements -- 22.1. The Elements of Group 13 -- 22.2. The Elements of Group 14 -- 22.3. The Elements of Group 15 (the Pnicogens) -- 22.4. The Elements of Group 16 (the Chalcogens) -- 22.5. The Elements of Group 17 (the Halogens) -- 22.6. The Elements of Group 18 (the Noble Gases) -- 23. The d-Block Elements -- 23.1. General Trends Among the Transition Metals -- 23.2. A Brief Survey of Transition-Metal Chemistry -- 23.3. Metallurgy -- 23.4. Coordination Compounds -- 23.5. Crystal Field Theory -- 23.6. Transition Metals in Biology -- 24. Organic Compounds -- 24.1. Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds -- 24.2. Isomers of Organic Compounds -- 24.3. Reactivity of Organic Molecules -- 24.4. Common Classes of Organic Reactions -- 24.5. Common Classes of Organic Compounds -- 24.6. The Molecules of Life -- A. Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Chemical Substances at 25[degree]C -- B. Solubility-Product Constants (K[subscript sp]) for Compounds at 25[degree]C -- C. Dissociation Constants and pK[subscript a] Values for Acids at 25[degree]C -- D. Ionization Constants and pK[subscript b] Values for Bases at 25[degree]C -- E. Standard Reduction Potentials at 25[degree]C -- F. Properties of Water -- G. Glossary -- H. Answers to Selected Problems ER -