Dental biomechanics / edited by Arturo N. Natali.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Preface p. xii
List of Contributors p. xv
Mechanics of bone tissue p. 1
Introduction p. 1
Bone p. 2
Experimental testing and results p. 3
Anisotropic characteristics of bone tissue p. 3
Time dependent response p. 4
Bone hydration p. 5
Influence of specimen location and age p. 5
Fatigue strength p. 6
Trabecular bone: mechanical properties p. 7
Analysis using the ultrasound technique p. 8
Constitutive models for bone p. 9
Linear elastic models p. 9
Structural properties p. 11
Limit state of bone p. 12
Role of mechanics in adaptation p. 13
Phenomenological models p. 14
Mechanistic models p. 16
Conclusions p. 17
References p. 17
Mechanics of periodontal ligament p. 20
Introduction p. 20
Constitutive models for the periodontal ligament p. 20
Hyperelastic constitutive models p. 21
Visco-elastic constitutive models p. 22
Multi-phase constitutive models p. 24
Review of the mechanical properties of the PDL p. 24
Experimental studies on the viscoelasticity of the PDL p. 24
Experimental studies on the elastic constants of the PDL p. 25
Measurements of the elastic modulus of the PDL p. 26
Materials p. 27
Mechanical testing machine p. 27
Mechanical tests on the PDL p. 30
Results p. 30
Discussion p. 31
Conclusions p. 33
References p. 33
Computer tomography for virtual models in dental imaging p. 35
Introduction p. 35
Foundations of X-ray Computed Tomography p. 36
Physical principles of x-ray absorption p. 36
Data acquisition p. 37
Reconstruction algorithms p. 38
Iterative Method p. 38
Filtered Back Projection p. 39
X-ray production p. 40
X-ray detectors p. 40
Volume reconstruction in computed tomography p. 42
CT-relief accuracy p. 42
CT software for dento-maxillo-facial imaging p. 43
Notes on NMR applications in maxillo-facial area p. 44
Virtual model generation p. 44
Geometric model p. 45
Segmentation techniques p. 45
Thresholding technique p. 45
Edge finding techniques p. 46
Border definition p. 47
Material characteristics estimation p. 48
Densitometry p. 49
Mechanical properties p. 50
Conclusions p. 50
References p. 50
Computer-aided, pre-surgical analysis for oral rehabilitation p. 52
Introduction p. 52
Methodology p. 53
CT-based anatomical modelling p. 54
CT-based bone properties p. 56
Analysis developed p. 59
Influence of oral restoration parameters on bone loading p. 59
In vivo bone loading patterns p. 62
Pre-surgical analysis p. 64
From planning to clinical practice: a technological challenge p. 65
Conclusions p. 66
References p. 67
Materials in dental implantology p. 69
Introduction p. 69
Metals and alloys for dental implant devices p. 70
Titanium and its alloys for medical devices p. 71
Grade-1 CP-titanium p. 72
Grade-2 CP-titanium p. 72
Grade-3 CP-titanium p. 74
Grade-4 CP-titanium p. 74
Manufacturing processes of titanium alloys p. 74
Casting titanium alloys p. 75
Welding titanium alloys p. 75
Forging titanium alloys p. 75
Powder metallurgy and titanium alloys p. 76
Machining titanium alloys p. 76
Surface treatments on titanium alloys p. 80
Mechanical treatments p. 80
Diffusion treatments p. 82
Chemical deposition p. 83
The Method of Ohtsuki p. 83
The Method of Kokubo p. 84
The Method of Li p. 84
The Method of Campbell p. 84
The Method of Klas De Groot p. 85
The Method of Ducheyne p. 85
Improving the reliability of implant osseointegration p. 85
Conclusions p. 87
References p. 87
Dental devices in titanium-based materials via casting route p. 90
Introduction p. 90
Microstructure and properties of titanium and its alloys p. 90
Shaping of titanium components by casting processes p. 94
Investment casting p. 95
Pressure-assisted casting of titanium p. 96
Effects of processing on the quality of castings p. 98
A case history: manufacturing a titanium framework p. 99
The framework and the casting process p. 99
Visualising the process by means of numerical simulation p. 101
Mechanical analysis of titanium bars p. 107
Conclusions p. 108
References p. 109
Testing the reliability of dental implant devices p. 111
Introduction p. 111
Mechanical reliability of dental implants p. 112
Dental implant configuration p. 112
Materials and surface treatments p. 114
Loading conditions p. 114
Mechanical testing of dental implants p. 115
Experimental tests for evaluating ultimate load p. 116
Analysis of the post-elastic behaviour of dental implants p. 117
Numerical simulation of experimental tests p. 118
Fatigue tests for evaluating the long-term reliability of dental implants p. 120
Experimental tests to evaluate the efficiency of bone-implant interaction p. 122
The experimental procedure p. 123
The mechanical test results p. 124
Morphological aspects of the bone surrounding implants p. 126
Conclusions p. 126
References p. 127
On the mechanics of superelastic orthodontic appliances p. 132
Introduction p. 132
Shape-memory materials p. 136
SMA in dentistry: state of the art p. 138
Applications p. 138
Experimental investigations p. 139
Constitutive law and numerical modelling p. 140
A new experimental investigation p. 141
Materials and methods p. 141
Cyclic loading at slow rate p. 142
Comments on experimental results p. 142
Orthodontic simulation p. 145
Archwire p. 148
Retraction T-loop p. 151
Retraction V-loop p. 154
Conclusions p. 156
References p. 156
Clinical procedures for dental implants p. 159
Introduction p. 159
Diagnostic procedures p. 159
Medical history p. 159
Extra-oral clinical examination p. 161
Intra-oral clinical examination p. 161
Study casts and waxing p. 162
Evaluation of implant site p. 162
Surgical procedure in oral implantology p. 163
Antisepsis and patient preparation p. 163
Atraumatic surgery for implant placement p. 164
Prevention and treatment of surgical complications p. 171
Intraoperative complications p. 171
Postoperative complications p. 173
Designing the prosthetic rehabilitation in oral implantology p. 175
Load factors on implant supported rehabilitations p. 176
Prosthetic framework and prosthetic leverage p. 176
Number and position of implants p. 177
Connection to teeth p. 177
Prognostic evaluation in oral implantology p. 178
Conclusions p. 179
Reference p. 180
Clinical procedures in orthodontics p. 183
Introduction p. 183
Diagnosis p. 183
Orthodontic treatment planning p. 185
Components of orthodontic appliances and their action p. 187
Removable appliances p. 187
Fixed appliances p. 190
Brackets p. 190
Bands p. 192
Archwires p. 192
Elastics and springs p. 193
Biomechanics in orthodontic clinical practice p. 193
Basic mechanical diagnosis p. 193
Mechanical treatment planning p. 194
Visualized treatment objectives p. 194
Glossary of orthodontic biomechanics p. 196
Mechanical treatment plan p. 197
Appliance configuration p. 198
Two tooth systems p. 198
Intrusion mechanics p. 201
Transpalatal bars and lingual arches p. 203
Headgear p. 204
The mechanics of space closure p. 206
Uprighting mechanics p. 208
Conclusions p. 209
References p. 209
Numerical approach to dental biomechanics p. 211
Introduction p. 211
Interaction between implant and bone p. 212
Mechanical characterisation of bone tissue p. 213
Implant loading p. 214
Boundary conditions p. 214
Mechanics of single implants p. 214
Mechanics of multiple implant systems p. 222
Geometrical configuration p. 222
Loading conditions p. 223
The mobility of natural dentition p. 227
Geometric configuration of the periodontium p. 228
Loading configurations p. 228
Constitutive models p. 229
Numerical analysis of in vivo response p. 230
Non-linear elastic response p. 231
Time-dependent behaviour p. 232
Pseudo-elasticity p. 235
Conclusions p. 237
References p. 238
Mechanics of materials p. 240
Introduction p. 240
Material models p. 240
Deformation of continuum p. 244
Kinematics p. 244
Strain and its measures p. 245
The concept of stress and its measures p. 249
Stress vector p. 249
Cauchy stress tensor p. 250
The symmetry of the Cauchy stress tensor p. 251
Different stress measures p. 252
Balance laws p. 252
Conservation of mass p. 253
Weak form of momenta balance p. 253
Constitutive models p. 254
Linear elasticity p. 255
Extension of finite displacements p. 256
Non-linear elasticity p. 257
Hyperelasticity p. 257
Linear visco-elasticity p. 259
Elasto-damage models p. 260
Multi-phase media p. 261
Balance conditions p. 262
Constitutive laws p. 263
Conclusions p. 263
References p. 264
Index